Editing Hungary (section)

===Middle Ages (895–1526)===
{{Main|Principality of Hungary|Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Kalandozasok.jpg|thumb|[[Hungarian invasions of Europe|Hungarian raids in the 9–10th centuries]]: Between 899 and 970, the researchers count 47 (38 to West and 9 to East)<ref name="Szabados Augsburg 2005">{{Cite journal |last=Szabados |first=György |date=August 2005 |title=Vereség háttér nélkül? Augsburg, 955 |trans-title=Defeat without background? Augsburg, 955 |url=https://epa.oszk.hu/01300/01343/00044/nemzet.html |journal=Hitel – irodalmi, művészeti és társadalmi folyóirat [literary, artistic and social journal] |language=hu |issue=8}}</ref> raids in different parts of Europe. From these campaigns only 8 were unsuccessful and the others ended with success{{sfn|Nagy|2007|p=168}}]]

Foundation of the [[Principality of Hungary|Hungarian state]] is connected to the [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin|Hungarian conquerors]], who arrived from the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|Pontic-Caspian steppe]] as a confederation of [[Seven chieftains of the Magyars|seven tribes]].<ref name="c194">{{cite journal | last1=Neparáczki | first1=Endre | last2=Maróti | first2=Zoltán | title=Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=13 | issue=10 | date=2018-10-18 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205920 | doi-access=free | page=e0205920| pmid=30335830 | pmc=6193700 | bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305920N }}</ref> The [[Hungarians]] arrived in the [[Pannonian Basin|Carpathian Basin]] as a frame of a strong centralised steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince [[Álmos]] and his son [[Árpád]]: founders of the [[Árpád dynasty]], the Hungarian ruling dynasty and the Hungarian state. The [[Árpád dynasty]] claimed to be a direct descendant of [[Attila|Attila the Hun]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last1=Horváth-Lugossy|first1=Gábor|url=https://mki.gov.hu/assets/pdf/MKI_EN_006_kings_and_saints_B5_web.pdf|title=Kings and Saints – The Age of the Árpáds|last2=Makoldi|first2=Miklós|last3=Neparáczki|first3=Endre|publisher=Institute of Hungarian Research|year=2022|isbn=978-615-6117-65-6|location=Budapest, Székesfehérvár}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Neparáczki|first1=Endre|last2=Maróti|first2=Zoltán|last3=Kalmár|first3=Tibor|last4=Maár|first4=Kitti|last5=Nagy|first5=István|last6=Latinovics|first6=Dóra|last7=Kustár|first7=Ágnes|last8=Pálfi|first8=György|last9=Molnár|first9=Erika |last10=Marcsik |first10=Antónia|last11=Balogh|first11=Csilla|last12=Lőrinczy|first12=Gábor|last13=Tomka|first13=Péter|last14=Kovacsóczy|first14=Bernadett|last15=Kovács|first15=László|date=12 November 2019|title=Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin|journal=Scientific Reports|last16=Török|first16=Tibor|volume=9|issue=1|page=16569|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5|pmid=31719606|pmc=6851379|bibcode=2019NatSR...916569N|issn=2045-2322}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Neparáczki|first1=Endre|last2=Maróti|first2=Zoltán|last3=Kalmár|first3=Tibor|last4=Kocsy|first4=Klaudia|last5=Maár|first5=Kitti|last6=Bihari|first6=Péter|last7=Nagy|first7=István|last8=Fóthi|first8=Erzsébet|last9=Pap|first9=Ildikó |last10=Kustár |first10=Ágnes|last11=Pálfi|first11=György|last12=Raskó|first12=István|last13=Zink|first13=Albert|last14=Török|first14=Tibor|date=18 October 2018|title=Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=13|issue=10|pages=e0205920|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0205920|pmid=30335830|pmc=6193700|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1305920N|doi-access=free}}</ref> The Hungarians took possession of the area in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862 and 895.<ref name=":2822">{{Cite book|url=https://www.tankonyvkatalogus.hu/pdf/OH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf|title=Történelem 5. az általános iskolások számára|publisher=Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority)|year=2020|isbn=978-615-6178-37-4|pages=15, 112, 116, 137, 138, 141|language=Hungarian|trans-title=History 5. for primary school students|access-date=22 September 2023|archive-date=21 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221015211/https://www.tankonyvkatalogus.hu/pdf/OH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The rising Hungary conducted successful [[Hungarian invasions of Europe|fierce campaigns and raids]], from [[Constantinople]] to as far as today's Spain.<ref name="Stephen Wyley">{{cite web|author=Stephen Wyley|url=http://www.geocities.com/egfrothos/magyars/magyars.html|title=The Magyars of Hungary|publisher=Geocities.com|date=30 May 2001|access-date=20 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021171416/http://geocities.com/egfrothos/magyars/magyars.html|archive-date=21 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Hungarians defeated [[Hungarian invasions of Europe|three major East Frankish imperial armies]] between 907 and 910.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter Heather|title=Empires and Barbarians: Migration, Development and the Birth of Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX_QNvxR4K0C&pg=PT227|year=2010|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-0-330-54021-6|page=227}}</ref> A defeat at the [[Battle of Lechfeld]] in 955 signaled a provisory end to most campaigns on foreign territories, at least towards the west.

====Age of Árpádian kings====
{{Main|Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Árpád dynasty}}
[[File:A Szent Korona elölről 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Holy Crown of Hungary|Holy Crown]] (''Szent Korona''), one of the key symbols of Hungary. It was gifted to [[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephen]], the first [[King of Hungary]], who converted the nation to Christianity]]

In 972, the ruling prince ({{langx|hu|fejedelem}}) [[Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians|Géza]] of the [[Árpád dynasty]] officially started to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe.<ref>Attila Zsoldos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IgoiAQAAIAAJ Saint Stephen and his country: a newborn kingdom in Central Europe: Hungary], Lucidus, 2001, p. 40</ref> His son [[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephen I]] became the first [[King of Hungary]] after defeating his [[paganism|pagan]] uncle [[Koppány]]. Under Stephen, Hungary was recognised as a Catholic [[Apostolic Majesty|Apostolic Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Asia Travel Europe|url=http://www.asiatravel.com/europe/hungaria/travelinfo.html|title=Hungaria Travel Information|work=Asiatravel.com|access-date=21 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905161209/http://asiatravel.com/europe/hungaria/travelinfo.html|archive-date=5 September 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Applying to [[Pope Sylvester II]], Stephen received the insignia of royalty (including probably a part of the [[Holy Crown of Hungary]]) from the papacy.

By 1006, Stephen consolidated his power and started sweeping reforms to convert Hungary into a Western-style [[Feudalism|feudal state]]. The country switched to using Latin for administration purposes, and until as late as 1844, Latin remained the official language of administration. King [[Ladislaus I of Hungary|Saint Ladislaus]] completed the work of King [[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephen]], consolidating the Hungarian state's power and strengthening [[Christianity]]. His charismatic personality, strategic leadership and military talents resulted in the termination of internal power struggles and foreign military threats.<ref name="Saint Ladislaus DNA">{{Cite journal|last1=Varga|first1=Gergely I B|last2=Kristóf|first2=Lilla Alida|last3=Maár|first3=Kitti|last4=Kis|first4=Luca|last5=Schütz|first5=Oszkár|last6=Váradi|first6=Orsolya|last7=Kovács|first7=Bence|last8=Gînguță|first8=Alexandra|last9=Tihanyi|first9=Balázs |last10=Nagy |first10=Péter L|last11=Maróti|first11=Zoltán|last12=Nyerki|first12=Emil|last13=Török|first13=Tibor|last14=Neparáczki|first14=Endre|date=January 2023|title=The archaeogenomic validation of Saint Ladislaus' relic provides insights into the Árpád dynasty's genealogy|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35809778/|journal=Journal of Genetics and Genomics|volume=50|issue=1|pages=58–61|bibcode=|doi=10.1016/j.jgg.2022.06.008|pmc=|pmid=35809778}}</ref> The wife of the Croatian king [[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia|Demetrius Zvonimir]] was Ladislaus's sister.<ref>{{The Early Medieval Balkans |page=283}}</ref> At [[Helen of Hungary, Queen of Croatia|Helen's]] request, Ladislaus intervened in the conflict and invaded Croatia in 1091.{{sfn|Fine|1991|pp=282, 284}} The [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom of Croatia]] entered a [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|personal union]] with the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Kingdom of Hungary]] in 1102 with the coronation of King [[Coloman, King of Hungary|Coloman]] as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in 1102 in [[Biograd na Moru|Biograd]].<ref name="HR-HU-Heka">{{cite journal|journal=Scrinia Slavonica|issn=1332-4853|title=Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije|trans-title=Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68144|author=Ladislav Heka|date=October 2008|volume=8|issue=1|pages=152–173|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg|alt=1097, Europe, map|thumb|Europe in 1097]]

One of the most powerful and wealthiest king of the Árpád dynasty was [[Béla III of Hungary|Béla III]],<ref>{{cite book | last=Mass | first=K. |authorlink=
Robert K. Massie| title=History of Hungary: Details about the Hungarian Economy, Origins, and Background | publisher=Efalon Acies | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_IoEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT15 }}</ref> who disposed of the equivalent of 23 tonnes of silver per year, according to a contemporary [[Income register of Béla III of Hungary|income register]]. This exceeded the income of the French king (estimated at 17 tonnes) and was double the receipts of the English Crown.<ref>{{cite book|author=Miklós Molnár|title=A Concise History of Hungary|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00moln|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66736-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00moln/page/46 46]}}</ref> [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew II]] issued the ''[[Diploma Andreanum]]'' which secured the special privileges of the [[Transylvanian Saxons]] and is considered the first [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomy]] law in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/autonomy/komlossy.pdf|title=Hungarianhistory.com|access-date=25 November 2010}}</ref> He led the [[Fifth Crusade]] to the [[Holy Land]] in 1217, setting up the largest royal army in the history of Crusades. His [[Golden Bull of 1222]] was the first constitution in [[Continental Europe]]. The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into the institution of the parliament (''parlamentum publicum'').

In 1241–1242, the kingdom received a major blow with the [[Mongolian invasion of Hungary|Mongol (Tatar) invasion]]. Up to half of Hungary's population of 2 million were victims of the invasion.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-34789/Hungary The Mongol invasion: the last Arpad kings], Encyclopædia Britannica – "The country lost about half its population, the incidence ranging from 60 percent in the Alföld (100 percent in parts of it) to 20 percent in Transdanubia; only parts of Transylvania and the northwest came off fairly lightly."</ref> King [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]] let [[Cumans]] and [[Jasz people|Jassic people]] into the country, who were fleeing the Mongols.<ref>[http://hungarianhistory.com/lib/hevizi/hevizi.pdf Autonomies in Europe and Hungary]. By Józsa Hévizi.</ref> Over the centuries, they were fully assimilated.<ref>{{cite web|author=cs|url=http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/onkormanyzat-jaszbereny_en.shtml|title=National and historical symbols of Hungary|publisher=Nemzetijelkepek.hu|access-date=20 September 2009|archive-date=29 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729054659/http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/onkormanyzat-jaszbereny_en.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the Mongols retreated, King Béla ordered the construction of hundreds of stone castles and fortifications, to defend against a possible second Mongol invasion. The [[Second Mongol invasion of Hungary|Mongols returned to Hungary]] in 1285, but the newly built stone-castle systems and new tactics (using a higher proportion of heavily armed knights) stopped them. The invading Mongol force was defeated<ref>{{cite book|author=Pál Engel|title=Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEJNBqanT_8C&pg=PA109|year=2005|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-977-6|page=109}}</ref> near Pest by the royal army of King [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]]. As with later invasions, it was repelled handily, the Mongols losing much of their invading force.

==== Age of elected kings ====
{{Main|Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)|Ottoman–Hungarian Wars}}

The [[Kingdom of Hungary]] reached one of its greatest extents during the Árpádian kings, yet royal power was weakened at the end of their rule in 1301. After a destructive period of [[interregnum]] (1301–1308), the first [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] king, [[Charles I of Hungary]] – a bilineal descendant of the [[Árpád dynasty]] – successfully restored royal power and defeated oligarch rivals, the so-called "little kings". The second Angevin Hungarian king, [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis the Great]] (1342–1382), led many successful military campaigns from Lithuania to southern Italy ([[Kingdom of Naples]]) and was also [[List of Polish monarchs|King of Poland]] from 1370. After King Louis died without a male heir, the country was stabilised only when [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund of Luxembourg]] (1387–1437) succeeded to the throne, who in 1433 also became [[Holy Roman Emperor]].
The first Hungarian [[Bible translations|Bible translation]] was completed in 1439. For half a year in 1437, there was an antifeudal and anticlerical [[Transylvanian peasant revolt|peasant revolt in Transylvania]] which was strongly influenced by [[Hussite]] ideas. From a small noble family in Transylvania, [[John Hunyadi]] grew to become one of the country's most powerful lords, thanks to his capabilities as a mercenary commander. He was elected governor, then regent. He was a successful crusader against the [[Ottoman Turks]], one of his greatest victories being the [[Siege of Belgrade (1456)|siege of Belgrade]] in 1456.

[[File:Portrait of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary.jpg|alt=Portrait, Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, Hunyadi, relief|thumb|upright|Renaissance portrait of [[Matthias Corvinus]], King of Hungary and Croatia (1458–1490), King of Bohemia (1469–1490) and Archduke of Austria (1487–1490)]]

The last strong king of medieval Hungary was the [[Renaissance]] king [[Matthias Corvinus]] (1458–1490), son of John Hunyadi. His election was the first time that a member of the nobility mounted to the Hungarian royal throne without dynastic background. He was a successful military leader and an enlightened patron of the arts and learning.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Hungary%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia|title=Hungary – Britannica Online Encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Britannica.com|access-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> His library, the [[Bibliotheca Corviniana]], was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles, philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second only in size to the [[Vatican Library]]. Items from the Bibliotheca Corviniana were inscribed on [[UNESCO]]'s [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World Register]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15976&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=Hungary – The Bibliotheca Corviniana Collection|work=Portal.unesco.org|access-date=21 November 2008|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080318044516/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15976&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|archive-date=18 March 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The serfs and common people considered him a just ruler because he protected them from excessive demands and other abuses by the magnates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/hungary/9.htm|title=Hungary&nbsp;– Renaissance And Reformation|work=Countrystudies.us|access-date=20 September 2009}}</ref> Under his rule, in 1479, the Hungarian army destroyed the Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the [[Battle of Breadfield]]. Abroad he defeated the Polish and German imperial armies of Frederick at Breslau ([[Wrocław]]). Matthias' mercenary standing army, the [[Black Army of Hungary]], was an unusually large army for its time, and it conquered [[Vienna]] as well as parts of Austria and [[Bohemia]].

King Matthias died without lawful sons, and the Hungarian magnates procured the accession of the Pole [[Vladislaus II of Hungary|Vladislaus II]] (1490–1516), supposedly because of his weak influence on Hungarian aristocracy.<ref name="britannica1" /> Hungary's international role declined, its political stability was shaken, and social progress was deadlocked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geography.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708070759/http://geography.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/hutoc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2012|title=A Country Study: Hungary|publisher=Geography.about.com|access-date=20 September 2009}}</ref> In 1514, the weakened old King Vladislaus II faced a major peasant rebellion led by [[György Dózsa]], which was ruthlessly crushed by the [[Hungarian nobility|nobles]], led by [[John Zápolya]]. The resulting degradation of order paved the way for Ottoman preeminence. In 1521, the strongest Hungarian fortress in the South, Nándorfehérvár (today's [[Belgrade]], Serbia), [[Siege of Belgrade (1521)|fell to the Turks]]. The early appearance of Protestantism further worsened internal relations in the country.