Editing Human leg (section)

==== Hip ====
{{See also|Muscles of the hip}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:15px"
|+ Function of hip muscles<ref name="Platzer-244">Platzer (2004), pp. 244–47</ref>
|-
! Movement !! Muscles<br />(in order of importance)
|-
|Lateral<br />rotation
|
•[[Sartorius muscle|Sartorius]]<br>•[[Gluteus maximus]]<br />•[[Quadratus femoris muscle|Quadratus femoris]]<br />•[[Obturator internus muscle|Obturator internus]]<br />•[[Gluteus medius]] and [[Gluteus minimus]]<br />•[[Iliopsoas]]<br />(with [[Psoas major muscle|psoas major]]♣)<br />•[[External obturator muscle|Obturator externus]]<br />•All functional [[Adductor muscles of the hip|adductors]]<br />except [[Gracilis muscle|gracilis]]* and [[Pectineus muscle|pectineus]]<br />•[[Piriformis muscle|Piriformis]]
|-
|Medial<br />rotation
|
•Gluteus medius and<br />minimus (anterior fibers)<br />•Tensor fasciae latae*<br />•[[Adductor magnus muscle|Adductor magnus]]<br />(long medial fibers)<br />•Pectineus (with leg abducted)
|-
| Extension
|
•Gluteus maximus<br />•Gluteus medius and<br />minimus (dorsal fibers)<br />•Adductor magnus<br />•Piriformis<br />•Semimembranosus*<br />•Semitendinosus*<br />•Biceps femoris*<br />(long head)
|-
|Flexion
|
•Iliopsoas<br />(with psoas major♣)<br />•Tensor fasciae latae*<br />•Pectineus<br />•Adductor longus<br />•Adductor brevis<br />•Gracilis*<br />•Rectus femoris*<br />•Sartorius*
|-
| Abduction
|
•Gluteus medius<br />•Tensor fasciae latae*<br />•Gluteus maximus<br />(fibers to fascia lata)<br />•Gluteus minimus<br />•Piriformis<br />•Obturator internus
|-
|Adduction
|
•Adductor magnus<br />(with adductor minimus)<br />•Adductor longus<br />•Adductor brevis<br />•Gluteus maximus (fibers<br />to gluteal tuberosity)<br />•Gracilis<br />•Pectineus<br />•Quadratus femoris<br />•Obturator externus<br />•Semitendinosus*
|-
! Notes || '''♣''' Also act on vertebral joints.<br /> '''*''' Also act on knee joint.
|}

There are several ways of classifying the muscles of the hip:
# By location or innervation (ventral and dorsal divisions of the plexus layer);
# By development on the basis of their points of insertion (a posterior group in two layers and an anterior group); and
# By function (i.e. extensors, flexors, adductors, and abductors).<ref name="Platzer-232">Platzer, (2004), p. 232</ref>

Some hip muscles also act either on the knee joint or on vertebral joints. Additionally, because the areas of origin and insertion of many of these muscles are very extensive, these muscles are often involved in several very different movements. In the hip joint, lateral and medial rotation occur along the axis of the limb; extension (also called dorsiflexion or retroversion) and flexion (anteflexion or anteversion) occur along a transverse axis; and abduction and adduction occur about a [[sagittal]] axis.<ref name="Platzer-244" />

The anterior dorsal hip muscles are the [[iliopsoas]], a group of two or three muscles with a shared insertion on the [[lesser trochanter]] of the femur. The [[psoas major]] originates from the last vertebra and along the [[lumbar spine]] to stretch down into the pelvis. The [[Iliacus muscle|iliacus]] originates on the [[iliac fossa]] on the interior side of the pelvis. The two muscles unite to form the iliopsoas muscle, which is inserted on the [[lesser trochanter]] of the femur. The [[psoas minor]], only present in about 50 per cent of subjects, originates above the psoas major to stretch obliquely down to its insertion on the interior side of the major muscle.<ref>Platzer (2004), p. 234</ref>

The posterior dorsal hip muscles are inserted on or directly below the [[greater trochanter]] of the femur. The [[tensor fasciae latae]], stretching from the [[anterior superior iliac spine]] down into the [[iliotibial tract]], presses the [[Femur head|head of the femur]] into the [[acetabulum]] but also flexes, rotates medially, and abducts to hip joint. The [[piriformis]] originates on the anterior pelvic surface of the [[sacrum]], passes through the [[greater sciatic foramen]], and inserts on the posterior aspect of the tip of the greater trochanter. In a standing posture it is a lateral rotator, but it also assists extending the thigh. The [[gluteus maximus]] has its origin between (and around) the [[iliac crest]] and the [[coccyx]], from where one part radiates into the iliotibial tract and the other stretches down to the [[gluteal tuberosity]] under the greater trochanter. The gluteus maximus is primarily an extensor and lateral rotator of the hip joint, and it comes into action when climbing stairs or rising from a sitting to a standing posture. Furthermore, the part inserted into the fascia latae abducts and the part inserted into the gluteal tuberosity adducts the hip. The two deep glutei muscles, the [[gluteus medius]] and [[gluteus minimus|minimus]], originate on the lateral side of the pelvis. The medius muscle is shaped like a cap. Its anterior fibers act as a medial rotator and flexor; the posterior fibers as a lateral rotator and extensor; and the entire muscle abducts the hip. The minimus has similar functions and both muscles are inserted onto the greater trochanter.<ref>Platzer (2004), p. 236</ref>

[[File:Gray436.png|thumb|left|upright|Muscles of the hip]]
The ventral hip muscles function as lateral rotators and play an important role in the control of the body's balance. Because they are stronger than the medial rotators, in the normal position of the leg, the apex of the foot is pointing outward to achieve better support. The [[obturator internus]] originates on the pelvis on the [[obturator foramen]] and its [[obturator membrane|membrane]], passes through the [[lesser sciatic foramen]], and is inserted on the [[trochanteric fossa]] of the femur. "Bent" over the [[lesser sciatic notch]], which acts as a fulcrum, the muscle forms the strongest lateral rotators of the hip together with the gluteus maximus and quadratus femoris. When sitting with the knees flexed it acts as an abductor. The [[obturator externus]] has a parallel course with its origin located on the posterior border of the obturator foramen. It is covered by several muscles and acts as a lateral rotator and a weak adductor. The [[Gemelli muscles|inferior]] and [[Gemelli muscles|superior gemelli muscles]] represent marginal heads of the obturator internus and assist this muscle. These three muscles form a three-headed muscle (tricipital) known as the '''triceps coxae'''.<ref name="Moore">{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Keith L. |title=Clinically oriented anatomy |date=2018 |location=Philadelphia |isbn=9781496347213 |page=728 |edition=Eighth}}</ref> The [[quadratus femoris]] originates at the [[ischial tuberosity]] and is inserted onto the [[intertrochanteric crest]] between the trochanters. This flattened muscle act as a strong lateral rotator and adductor of the thigh.<ref>Platzer (2004), p. 238</ref>

[[File:Gray433.png|thumb|left|upright=0.4|Hip adductors]]
The [[Adductor muscles of the hip|adductor muscles]] of the thigh are innervated by the [[obturator nerve]], with the exception of [[pectineus]] which receives fibers from the [[femoral nerve]], and the [[adductor magnus]] which receives fibers from the [[tibial nerve]]. The [[gracilis muscle|gracilis]] arises from near the [[pubic symphysis]] and is unique among the adductors in that it reaches past the knee to attach on the medial side of the [[Body of tibia|shaft of the tibia]], thus acting on two joints. It share its distal insertion with the [[Sartorius muscle|sartorius]] and [[Semitendinosus muscle|semitendinosus]], all three muscles forming the [[Pes anserinus (leg)|pes anserinus]]. It is the most medial muscle of the adductors, and with the thigh abducted its origin can be clearly seen arching under the skin. With the knee extended, it adducts the thigh and flexes the hip. The [[Pectineus muscle|pectineus]] has its origin on the [[iliopubic eminence]] laterally to the gracilis and, rectangular in shape, extends obliquely to attach immediately behind the lesser trochanter and down the [[pectineal line (femur)|pectineal line]] and the proximal part of the [[Linea aspera]] on the femur. It is a flexor of the hip joint, and an adductor and a weak medial rotator of the thigh. The [[adductor brevis muscle|adductor brevis]] originates on the [[inferior ramus of the pubis]] below the gracilis and stretches obliquely below the pectineus down to the upper third of the Linea aspera. Except for being an adductor, it is a lateral rotator and weak flexor of the hip joint.<ref>Platzer (2004), p. 240</ref>

The [[Adductor longus muscle|adductor longus]] has its origin at [[superior ramus of the pubis]] and inserts medially on the middle third of the Linea aspera. Primarily an adductor, it is also responsible for some flexion. The [[Adductor magnus muscle|adductor magnus]] has its origin just behind the longus and lies deep to it. Its wide belly divides into two parts: One is inserted into the Linea aspera and the tendon of the other reaches down to [[adductor tubercle]] on the medial side of the femur's distal end where it forms an intermuscular septum that separates the flexors from the extensors. Magnus is a powerful adductor, especially active when crossing legs. Its superior part is a lateral rotator but the inferior part acts as a medial rotator on the flexed leg when rotated outward and also extends the hip joint. The [[Adductor minimus muscle|adductor minimus]] is an incompletely separated subdivision of the adductor magnus. Its origin forms an anterior part of the magnus and distally it is inserted on the Linea aspera above the magnus. It acts to adduct and lateral rotate the femur.<ref>Platzer (2004), p. 242</ref>
{{clear|right}}