Editing Human cannibalism (section)

===Exo-, endo-, and autocannibalism===

Within institutionalized cannibalism, ''exocannibalism'' is often distinguished from ''endocannibalism''. [[Endocannibalism]] refers to the consumption of a person from the same community. Often it is a part of a [[funeral|funerary]] ceremony, similar to [[burial]] or [[cremation]] in other cultures. The consumption of the recently deceased in such rites can be considered "an act of affection"{{sfn|Lindenbaum|2004|p=478}} and a major part of the grieving process.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Woznicki |first=Andrew N. |year=1998 |title=Endocannibalism of the Yanomami |url=http://users.rcn.com/salski/No18-19Folder/Endocannibalism.htm |journal=The Summit Times |volume=6 |issue=18–19}}</ref> It has also been explained as a way of guiding the souls of the dead into the bodies of living descendants.<ref name=DowEncyc>{{cite book |last=Dow |first=James W. |editor-last=Tenenbaum |editor-first=Barbara A. |chapter-url=https://files.oakland.edu/users/dow/web/personal/papers/cannibal/cannibal.html |chapter=Cannibalism |title=Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture – Volume 1 |pages=535–537 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |access-date=September 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007090705/https://files.oakland.edu/users/dow/web/personal/papers/cannibal/cannibal.html |archive-date=October 7, 2011 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

In contrast, [[exocannibalism]] is the consumption of a person from outside the community. It is frequently "an act of aggression, often in the context of warfare",{{sfn|Lindenbaum|2004|p=478}} where the flesh of killed or captured enemies may be eaten to celebrate one's victory over them.<ref name=DowEncyc/>

Some scholars explain both types of cannibalism as due to a belief that eating a person's flesh or internal organs will endow the cannibal with some of the positive characteristics of the deceased.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Goldman |editor-first=Laurence |year=1999 |title=The Anthropology of Cannibalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyiDClqjwSUC&pg=PA16 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |page=16 |isbn=978-0-89789-596-5}}</ref> However, several authors investigating exocannibalism in [[New Zealand]], [[New Guinea]], and the [[Congo Basin]] observe that such beliefs were absent in these regions.{{sfn|Moon|2008|p=157}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ernst |first1=Thomas M. |editor1-last=Goldman |editor1-first=Laurence R. |title=The Anthropology of Cannibalism |date=1999 |publisher=Bergin & Garvey |location=Westport, Connecticut |page=153 |chapter=Onabasulu Cannibalism and the Moral Agents of Misfortune}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Seligman |first1=Charles Gabriel |title=The Melanesians of British New Guinea |author1-link=Charles Gabriel Seligman |date=1910 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |pages=552 |url=https://archive.org/details/melanesiansofbri00seli}}</ref>{{sfn|Siefkes|2022|pp=38, 102}}

A further type, different from both exo- and endocannibalism, is ''[[autocannibalism]]'' (also called ''autophagy'' or ''self-cannibalism''), "the act of eating parts of oneself".{{sfn|Lindenbaum|2004|p=479}} It does not ever seem to have been an institutionalized practice, but occasionally occurs as pathological behaviour, or due to other reasons such as curiosity. Also on record are instances of forced autocannibalism committed as acts of aggression, where individuals are forced to eat parts of their own bodies as a form of [[torture]].{{sfn|Lindenbaum|2004|p=479}}

Exocannibalism is thus often associated with the consumption of enemies as an act of aggression, a practice also known as ''war cannibalism''.{{sfn|Boulestin|Coupey|2015|p=120}}{{sfn|Siefkes|2022|p=15}} Endocannibalism is often associated with the consumption of deceased relatives in funerary rites driven by {{nowrap|affection{{hsp}}{{mdash}}{{hsp}}}}a practice known as ''funerary''{{sfn|Boulestin|Coupey|2015|p=120}}{{sfn|Siefkes|2022|p=14}} or ''mortuary cannibalism''.<ref name=petrinovich-p6>{{cite book |last1=Petrinovich |first1=Lewis F. |title=The Cannibal Within |date=2000 |publisher=Aldine Transaction |location=New York |isbn=0-202-02048-7 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QauRWfX4NTcC}}</ref>