Editing Hooliganism (section)

==Violence in sports==
[[File:Grenal.png|thumb|244x244px|[[Grêmio]] fans setting [[Internacional]]'s [[Estádio Beira-Rio]] on fire during a [[Grenal]] derby, 2006.]]
The words ''hooliganism'' and ''hooligan'' began to be associated with [[violence in sports]], in particular from the 1970s in the UK with [[football hooliganism]]. The phenomenon, however, long preceded the modern term; for example, one of the earliest known instances of crowd violence at a sporting event took place in ancient [[Constantinople]]. Two [[chariot racing]] factions, the Blues and the Greens, were involved in the [[Nika riots]] which lasted around a week in 532 CE; nearly half the city was burned or destroyed, in addition to tens of thousands of deaths.<ref name="SIWH">{{cite book |last=McComb |first=David |title=Sports in World History (Themes in World History) |page= 25 |publisher=Routledge |date=2 September 2004 |isbn=0-415-31812-2}}</ref>

Sports crowd violence continues to be a worldwide concerning phenomenon exacting at times a large number of injuries, damage to property and casualties. Individual, contextual, social and environmental factors interact and influence one another through a dynamic process occurring at different levels.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nepomuceno|first1=Thyago Celso C.|last2=de Moura|first2=Jadielson Alves|last3=e Silva|first3=Lúcio Câmara|last4=Cabral Seixas Costa|first4=Ana Paula|date=December 2017|title=Alcohol and violent behavior among football spectators: An empirical assessment of Brazilian's criminalization|journal=International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice|volume=51|pages=34–44|doi=10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.05.001|issn=1756-0616}}</ref> Macro-sociological accounts suggest that structural strains, experiences of deprivation or a low socio-economic background can at times be instrumental to the acceptance and reproduction of norms that tolerate great levels of violence and territoriality, which is a common feature of football hooliganism.<ref name="Dunning, E. 2002">Dunning, E., Murphy, P., Waddington, I., & Astrinakis, A. E. (Eds.). (2002). Fighting fans: Football hooliganism as a world phenomenon. Dublin: University College Dublin Press</ref> Furthermore, social cleavages within societies facilitate the development of strong in-groups bonds and intense feelings of antagonism towards outsiders which in turn can facilitate group identification and affect the likelihood of fan violence.<ref name="Dunning, E. 2002"/>

===In British sports===
{{Main|Football hooliganism in the United Kingdom}}
{{Summarize|from|Football hooliganism in the United Kingdom|section=y|date=August 2019}}
Beginning in at least the 1960s, the United Kingdom gained a reputation worldwide for [[football hooliganism]]; the phenomenon was often dubbed the ''British'' or ''English Disease''.<ref name="BritishDiseaseBBC">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/797601.stm | title=Analysis: Soccer violence an international problem | access-date=3 November 2020 | date=19 June 2000 | publisher=BBC | first=Martin | last=Asser}}</ref><ref name=si0685>{{Cite magazine |url= https://vault.si.com/vault/1985/06/10/a-day-of-horror-and-shame |title=A Day Of Horror And Shame |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=10 June 1985 |access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="LiverpoolUni">{{cite web | url=http://www.liv.ac.uk/footballindustry/hooligan.html | title=FIG FACT-SHEET FOUR: HOOLIGANISM | access-date=March 20, 2011 | publisher=Football Industry Group, University of Liverpool | archive-date=13 September 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913004141/http://www.liv.ac.uk/footballindustry/hooligan.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Football Hooliganism: Policing the War on the English Disease | author=Stott, Clifford | year=2007 | publisher=Pennant Books | isbn=978-1-906015-05-3 | author2=Pearson, Geoff}}</ref><ref name="EnglishDiseaseBBC">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6532989.stm | title=The return of the English disease? | access-date=March 20, 2011 | date=April 6, 2007 | publisher=BBC | first=Mario | last=Cacciottolo}}</ref><ref name="IndyEnglishDisease">{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/another-sorry-outbreak-of-the-english-disease-730590.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411212440/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/another-sorry-outbreak-of-the-english-disease-730590.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=April 11, 2008 | title=Another sorry outbreak of the English disease | access-date=March 20, 2011 | date=June 17, 2004 | newspaper=The Independent on Sunday | location=London}}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=May 2022}} However, since the 1980s and well into the 1990s the UK government has led a widescale crackdown on football related violence. While football hooliganism has been a growing concern in some continental European countries in recent years, British football fans now tend to have a better reputation abroad. Although reports of British football hooliganism still surface, the instances now tend to occur at pre-arranged locations rather than at the matches themselves.

===In American sports===
Football (soccer) and other sports hooliganism overall is rare in the United States in part because of stricter legal penalties for [[vandalism]] and physical violence, club markets having their own territory of fans, venues banning weapons, stricter security during games, and a stronger [[taboo]] on politics, class, race, and religion into the American sporting culture. Although isolated drunken fights at games do occur, they rarely escalate to major brawling comparable to [[Europe]] and [[Latin America]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gallo|first=D. J.|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2017/oct/18/unfriendly-confines-the-unsung-history-of-americas-low-key-hooliganism|title=Unfriendly confines: the unsung history of America's low-key hooliganism|date=2017-10-18|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-04-14|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>