Editing Hookah (section)

==Culture==
===South Asia===

====India====
{{multiple image|total_width=300
| image1 = Big hookah.jpg|caption1=The intricate work on a Malabar hookah.
| image2 = Gaddi village men with hookah, on mountain path, 1980.jpg|caption2=[[Gaddi people|Gaddi]] village men with hookah, on mountain path near [[Dharamshala]], India.
}}
The concept of hookah is thought to have originated in [[medieval India]].<ref name= "RousseletLouis"/><ref name=Wealth/> Once the province of the wealthy, it was tremendously popular especially during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule. The hookah has since become less popular; however, it is once again garnering the attention of the masses, and cafés and restaurants that offer it as a consumable are popular. The use of hookahs from ancient times in India was not only a custom, but a matter of prestige. Rich and landed classes would smoke hookahs.

Tobacco is smoked in hookahs in many villages as per traditional customs.  Smoking tobacco-molasses is now becoming popular among the youth in India. There are several chain clubs, bars and coffee shops in India offering a wider variety of {{transliteration|ar|[[mu‘assel]]s}}, including non-tobacco versions. In 2011, hookah was banned in [[Bangalore]]. However, it can be bought or rented for personal usage or organized parties.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-07/bangalore/29628694_1_hookah-bars-shisha-joints | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511190209/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-07/bangalore/29628694_1_hookah-bars-shisha-joints | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 May 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Business at hookah-less cafes go up in smoke | date=7 June 2011}}</ref>

[[Koyilandy]], a small fishing town on the west coast of India, once made and exported hookahs extensively. These are known as [[Koyilandy#Koyilandy hookahs|Malabar Hookhas or Koyilandy Hookahs]]. Today these intricate hookahs are difficult to find outside Koyilandy and are becoming difficult even to find in Koyilandy itself.

As hookah resurges in India, there have been numerous raids and bans recently on hookah smoking, especially in [[Gujarat]].<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news|url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-Ban-on-public-smoking-up-in-smoke-in-Gujarat-/465845/|title = Hookah|work = The Indian Express|access-date = 2008-06-08|archive-date = 8 July 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090708141859/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-Ban-on-public-smoking-up-in-smoke-in-Gujarat-/465845/|url-status = live}}</ref>

====Pakistan====
Although it has been traditionally prevalent in rural areas for generations,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Full text &#124; Hookah smoking and cancer: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in exclusive/ever hookah smokers |journal=Harm Reduction Journal |volume=5 |pages=19 |doi=10.1186/1477-7517-5-19 |pmid=18501010 |pmc=2438352 |year=2008 |last1=Sajid |first1=Khan |last2=Chaouachi |first2=Kamal |last3=Mahmood |first3=Rubaida |doi-access=free }}</ref> smoking hookahs has become very popular in the cosmopolitan cities of Pakistan. One can see many cafés in Pakistan offering hookah smoking to its guests. Many households even have hookahs for smoking or decoration purposes.

In Punjab, Pakhtunkhwa, and in northern Balochistan, the topmost part on which coals are placed is called ''chillum''.

In big cities like Karachi and Lahore, cafes and restaurants offered Hookah and charged per hour. In 2013, it was banned by the Pakistan Supreme court. The cafe owners started offering shisha to minors, which was the major reason for the ban.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sheesha ban smoked|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/07/08/city/islamabad/sheesha-ban-smoked/|access-date=7 March 2015|work=[[The Pakistan Today]]|date=8 July 2013}}</ref>

====Bangladesh====
{{multiple image|total_width=300
| image1 = I'tisam-ud-Din.png|caption1=[[I'tisam-ud-Din]], a [[Bengali Muslim]] from the 18th century, smoking hukka.
| image2 = Bamboo Hookah at khagrachori 03.jpg|caption2=[[Garo people|Garo]] woman smoking a traditional bamboo hookah.
}}

The hookah ({{langx|bn|হুক্কা|hukka}}) has been a traditional smoking instrument in [[Bangladesh]], particularly among the old [[Bengali Muslim]] [[zamindar]] gentry.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kaneta Choudhury|last2=S.M.A. Hanifi|last3=Abbas Bhuiya|last4=Shehrin Shaila Mahmood|title=Sociodemographic Characteristics of Tobacco Consumers in a Rural Area of Bangladesh|journal=Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition|date=December 2007|volume=25|issue=4|pages=456–464|pmc=2754020|pmid=18402189}}</ref> However, flavoured shisha was introduced in the early 2000s. Hookah lounges spread quite quickly between 2008 and 2011 in urban areas and became popular among young people as well as middle-aged people as a relaxation method. There have been allegations of a government crack-down on hookah bars to prevent illicit drug usage.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ahmed Shatil Alam|title=Killer in disguise|url=http://newagebd.net/84643/killer-in-disguise/#sthash.LnBdhDzn.dpbs|access-date=7 March 2015|work=[[The New Age]]|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104114/http://newagebd.net/84643/killer-in-disguise/#sthash.LnBdhDzn.dpbs|url-status=live}}</ref> The hookah is also an [[electoral symbol]] for a candidate used first in the [[1973 Bangladeshi general election]].<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Embassy of Bangladesh|date=26 January 1973|volume=3|issue=2|title=Bangladesh: a fortnightly news bulletin|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWEwAQAAIAAJ&q=hookah&pg=PA8-IA134|page=4|chapter=Elections symbols prescribed}}</ref> In the biography of [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], it is mentioned that [[James Achilles Kirkpatrick]] had a ''hookah-bardar'' (hookah servant/preparer) during his time in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Kirkpatrick's hookah servant is said to have robbed and cheated Kirkpatrick, making his way to England and stylising himself as the ''Prince of Sylhet''. The man was waited upon by the [[Prime Minister of Great Britain]] [[William Pitt the Younger]], and then dined with the [[Duke of York]] before presenting himself in front of [[George III]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Life of the Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone|first=Thomas Edward|last=Colebrooke|pages=34–35|year=1884|author-link=Sir Edward Colebrooke, 4th Baronet|chapter=First Start in Diplomacy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108097222|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSoMEJ-_Nx0C&q=hookah&pg=PA34|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601132443/https://books.google.com/books?id=tSoMEJ-_Nx0C&q=hookah&pg=PA34#v=snippet&q=hookah&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Nepal====
{{multiple image|total_width=300
| image1 = Hukkah nepal.jpg|caption1=A hookah at a restaurant in Nepal.
| image2 = Tobacco smoking4.jpg|caption2=A man smoking tobacco in hookah (or ''hukka'') in [[Darchula]], [[Nepal]].
}}
''Hookahs'' (हुक़्क़ा), especially wooden ones, are popular in [[Nepal]]. Use of hookahs has been usually considered to symbolize an elite family status in Nepali history.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ&q=hookah+elite+family+status+nepal&pg=PA360|title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy|last1=Dikshit|first1=K. R.|last2=Dikshit|first2=Jutta K.|date=2013-10-21|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789400770553|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601132444/https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ&q=hookah+elite+family+status+nepal&pg=PA360#v=snippet&q=hookah%20elite%20family%20status%20nepal&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 
[[File:Huble Buble sign Kathmandu. 1993.jpg|thumb|Huble Buble sign in Kathmandu. 1993]]
Nowadays, the cities of Kathmandu, Pokhara and Dharan have special hookah bars. Although hookahs have started becoming popular among younger people and tourists, the overall number of hookah smokers is likely dwindling owing to the widespread availability of cheaper cigarettes.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nepal |first=ECS |title=Smoke on The Water: Hubby-bubbly .Hookah |url=http://www.ecs.com.np/feature_detail.php?f_id=176 |publisher=ECS Nepal |access-date=28 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724190114/http://www.ecs.com.np/feature_detail.php?f_id=176 |archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref>

===Middle East===
[[File:Hookah 2.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Egypt]]ian hookah (shisha).]]
[[File:View of Constantinople by Jean Pascal Sébah (1905).png|thumbnail|A café in [[Istanbul]], 1905]]

In the [[Arab world]] and the [[Middle East]], people smoke waterpipes as part of their culture and traditions. Local names of waterpipe in the Middle East are, argila, čelam/čelīm, ḡalyān or ghalyan, ḥoqqa, nafas, nargile, and shisha.<ref name="iranica"/>

Social smoking is done with a single or double [[Hose (tubing)|hose]] hookah, and sometimes even triple or quadruple hose hookahs are used at parties or small get-togethers. When the smoker is finished, they either place the hose back on the table, signifying that it is available, or hand it from one user to the next, folded back on itself so that the [[Smoking pipe (tobacco)|mouthpiece]] is not pointing at the recipient.

Most [[café]]s in the Middle East offer shishas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Frommer's Dubai|author=Shane Christensen|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=25 January 2011|page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uee71cyblkwC&q=shisha+in+middle+east&pg=PA141|isbn=9781119994275|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601132444/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uee71cyblkwC&q=shisha+in+middle+east&pg=PA141|url-status=live}}</ref> Cafés are widespread and are among the chief social gathering places in the Arab world (akin to [[public house]]s in Britain).<ref>{{cite book|title=Coffee – Philosophy for Everyone: Grounds for Debate|author=Fritz Allhoff|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=23 February 2011|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0Lri7eoIoUC&q=coffee+houses+in+arab+world&pg=PA10|isbn=9781444393361|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601132445/https://books.google.com/books?id=e0Lri7eoIoUC&q=coffee+houses+in+arab+world&pg=PA10|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Gaza====
[[File:Hookah in a Palestinian shop (DSC03515).jpg|thumb|150px|Flower-ornamented hookah in a Palestinian shop]]
In 2010 the [[Hamas]]-led [[Islamist]] government of [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] imposed a ban on women smoking hookahs in public. A spokesman for the Interior Ministry explained that "It is inappropriate for a woman to sit cross-legged and smoke in public. It harms the image of our people."<ref name=Reuter>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-ban-on-women-smoking-pipes-2029782.html Gaza ban on women smoking pipes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215815/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/gaza-ban-on-women-smoking-pipes-2029782.html |date=11 November 2020 }}, Reuters, 19 July 2010, The Independent.</ref> The ban was soon lifted later that year and women returned to smoking in popular venues like the cafe of Gaza's [[Crazy Water Park]].<ref name=Koutsoukis>[http://www.smh.com.au/world/edict-lifted-for-female-smokers-20100728-10w2c.html "Edict lifted for female smokers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606032648/https://www.smh.com.au/world/edict-lifted-for-female-smokers-20100728-10w2c.html |date=6 June 2022 }} Jason Koutsoukis, 29 July 2010, The Sunday Morning Herald.</ref>

====Iran====
[[File:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar with qalyan.jpg|thumb|[[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]] smoking qalyan]]
[[File:Qalyoon.jpg|thumbnail|Persian woman with hookah (qalyan), 1900, Iran]]
The exact date of the first use of ḡalyān in [[Iran]] is not known. However, the earliest known literary evidence of the hookah, anywhere, comes in a quatrain by Ahlī Shirazi (d. 1535), a Persian poet, referring to the use of the ḡalyān,<ref>Falsafī, II, p.&nbsp;277; Semsār, 1963, p.&nbsp;15</ref> thus dating its use at least as early as the time of the Shah [[Tahmasp I|Ṭahmāsp I]]. This suggests, the hookah was already in use in ancient Persia, and it made its way into India soon afterward.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

Although the [[Safavid]] [[Abbas I of Persia|Shah ʿAbbās I]] strongly condemned tobacco use, towards the end of his reign smoking ḡalyān and [[Chibouk|čopoq]] had become common on every level of the society, women included. In schools, both teachers and students had ḡalyāns while lessons continued.<ref>Falsafī, II, pp.&nbsp;278–80</ref> Shah [[Safi of Persia]] (r. 1629–42) declared a complete ban on tobacco, but the income received from its use persuaded him to soon revoke the ban.<ref>{{cite book|title=The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Iranian history, 1500-1900|author=Rudolph P. Matthee|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2005|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf0XfDMLndsC&q=safi+ban+of+tobacco&pg=PA139|isbn=978-0691118550|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=1 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601132445/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf0XfDMLndsC&q=safi+ban+of+tobacco&pg=PA139#v=snippet&q=safi%20ban%20of%20tobacco&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of ḡalyāns became so widespread that a group of poor people became professional tinkers of crystal water pipes. During the time of [[Abbas II of Persia]] (r. 1642–1666), use of the water pipe had become a national addiction.<ref>Chardin, tr., II, p.&nbsp;899</ref> The shah (king) had his own private ḡalyān servants. Evidently the position of water pipe tender (ḡalyāndār) dates from this time. Also at this time, reservoirs were made of glass, pottery, or a type of gourd. Because of the unsatisfactory quality of indigenous glass, glass reservoirs were sometimes imported from [[Venetian glass|Venice]].<ref>Chardin, tr., II, p.&nbsp;892</ref> In the time of [[Suleiman I of Persia]] (r. 1694–1722), ḡalyāns became more elaborately embellished as their use increased. The wealthy owned gold and silver pipes. The masses spent more on ḡalyāns than they did on the necessities of life.<ref>Tavernier apud Semsār, 1963, p.&nbsp;16</ref>

An emissary of [[Sultan Husayn]] (r. 1722–32) to the court of [[Louis XV]] of France, on his way to the royal audience at [[Versailles]], had in his retinue an officer holding his ḡalyān, which he used while his carriage was in motion.<ref>Herbette, tr. p.&nbsp;7; Kasrawī, pp.&nbsp;211–12; Semsār, 1963, pp.&nbsp;18–19</ref> We have no record indicating the use of ḡalyān at the court of [[Nader Shah]], although its use seems to have continued uninterrupted. There are portraits of [[Karim Khan]] of the [[Zand dynasty]] of Iran and [[Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar]] that depict them smoking the ḡalyān.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/galyan- |title=Encyclopædia Iranica &#124; Articles |publisher=Iranica.com |access-date=2010-08-22 |archive-date=27 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127064634/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/galyan- |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Iran]]ians have a special tobacco called ''Khansar'' (خانسار, presumably name of the origin city, [[Khvansar]]). The charcoals would be put on the Khansar without foil.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

The Iranian [[Shia]] [[marja']] [[Mirza Shirazi]] issued his historical [[fatwa]]: "In the name of God, the Merciful, the Beneficent. Today the use of both varieties of tobacco, in whatever fashion is reckoned war against the [[Imam of the Age]] – may God hasten his advent." The fatwa sparked a huge movement to the extent that even in the private quarters of [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]] (r. 1848–1896), hookahs were broken.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/98385-jumadi-al-awal-1st-marks-anniversary-of-mirza-shirazis-historic-fatwa-to-ban-tobacco-during-qajar-era/ | title=Jumadi al-Awal 1st marks anniversary of Mirza Shirazi's historic fatwa to ban tobacco during Qajar era | date=16 November 2023 }}</ref>

====Saudi Arabia====
In 2014, [[Saudi Arabia]] was in the process of implementing general smoking bans in public places. This included shishas.<ref>{{cite news|title=Saudi Arabia bans smoking in public places|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-bans-smoking-in-public-places|access-date=31 October 2014|work=The National (Abu Dhabi)|date=31 July 2012|archive-date=31 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031120439/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-bans-smoking-in-public-places|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Saudi Arabia Bans Smoking in Most Public Places|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/30/saudi-arabia-smoking-ban_n_1718619.html|access-date=31 October 2014|work=Huffington Post|archive-date=2 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802224526/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/30/saudi-arabia-smoking-ban_n_1718619.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, hookah remains legal in the country, with some restaurants charging customers extra fees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-15 |title=New Saudi rules on hookah leave businesses, consumers confused |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1569011/saudi-arabia |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=Arab News|archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601132456/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1569011/saudi-arabia |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Syria====
[[File:Syriancafe.jpg|thumb|[[Bedouin]] smoking a hookah, locally called ''nargileh'', in a [[coffeehouse]] in [[Deir ez-Zor]], on the [[Euphrates]], 1920s.]]

Although perceived to be an important cultural feature of Syria (see [[Smoking in Syria]]), narghile had declined in popularity during most of the twentieth century and was used mostly by older men. Similar to other Middle Eastern countries, its use increased dramatically during the 1990s, particularly among youth and young adults.<ref name=Rastram04>{{cite journal |last1=Rastram|first1=S|last2=Ward|first2=KD|last3=Eissenberg|first3=T|last4=Maziak|first4=W|title=Estimating the beginning of the waterpipe epidemic in Syria|journal=BMC Public Health|date=2004|volume=4|issue=32|pages=32|pmid=15294023|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-4-32|pmc=514554|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Ward06>{{cite journal|last1=Ward|first1=KD|last2=Hammal|first2=F|last3=Vander Weg|first3=MW|last4=Maziak|first4=W|last5=Eissenberg|first5=T|title=The tobacco epidemic in Syria|journal=Tobacco Control|date=2006|volume=15|issue=Supplement 1|pages=i24–9|pmid=16723671|doi=10.1136/tc.2005.014860|pmc=2563543}}</ref> As of 2004, prior to the [[Syrian civil war]], 17% of 18- to 29-year-olds, 10% of 30- to 45-year-olds, and 6% of 46- to 65-year-olds reported using narghile, and use was higher in men than women.<ref name=Ward06 /> More recent data is not available.

====Turkey and the Balkans====
''Nargile'' became part of Turkish and Balkan culture from the 17th century. Back then, it became prominent in society and was used as a status symbol. ''Nargile'' was such an important Turkish custom that it even sparked a diplomatic crisis between France and the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/10/world/inhale-the-pleasure-of-an-unhurried-ottoman-past.html |title=Inhale the Pleasure of an Unhurried Ottoman Past |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1997-06-10 |access-date=2013-09-03 |first=Stephen |last=Kinzer |archive-date=13 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513180658/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/10/world/inhale-the-pleasure-of-an-unhurried-ottoman-past.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Western Turkey is noted for its traditional pottery production where potters make earthenware objects, including ''nargile'' bowls.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Crane|first=Howard|title=Traditional Pottery Making in the Sardis Region of Western Turkey|journal=Muqarnas|year=1988|volume=5|page=12}}</ref>

===Southeast Asia===
In [[Southeast Asia]], the hookah, where it is predominantly called shisha, was particularly used within the [[Arab]] and Indian communities.<ref>Ramachandra SS, Yaldrum A. Shisha smoking: An emerging trend in Southeast Asian nations. J Public Health Policy. 2015 Aug;36(3):304-17.</ref>{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}}

Hookah was virtually unknown in Southeast Asia before the latter 20th century, yet the popularity among contemporary younger people is now vastly growing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Đánh giá về tác hại của shisha|url=https://gamiecocharm.vn/danh-gia-ve-tac-hai-cua-shisha/|website=Gamiecocharm.vn|date=24 August 2020|language=vi|access-date=3 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181835/https://gamiecocharm.vn/danh-gia-ve-tac-hai-cua-shisha/|url-status=live}}</ref> Southeast Asia's most cosmopolitan cities, [[Makati]], [[Bangkok]], [[Singapore]] (now banned),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/e-cigarettes-shisha-illegal-banned-tobacco-feb-1-9898420 |title=E-cigarettes, shisha to be illegal from Feb 1 under amended Tobacco Act – CNA |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704045700/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/e-cigarettes-shisha-illegal-banned-tobacco-feb-1-9898420 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Phnom Penh]], [[Siem Reap]], [[Hanoi]] and [[Ho Chi Minh City]], now have various bars and clubs that offer hookahs to patrons.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

Although hookah use has been common for hundreds of years and enjoyed by people of all ages, it has recently started to become a youth pastime in Asia.<ref>Gundavarapu KC, Dicksit DD, Ramachandra SS. Characteristics of shisha smoking venues in a satellite township near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: an observational study. Tobacco Prevention & Cessation. 2016;2(August):70. doi:10.18332/tpc/64807.
</ref> Hookahs are most popular with college students, and [[Youth|young adults]], who may be underage and thus unable to purchase [[cigarette]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5520a2.htm |title=Use of Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Among Students Aged 13-15 Years – Worldwide, 1999-2005 |publisher=CDC |access-date=2010-08-22 |archive-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912113042/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5520a2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Kenya===
The hookah is called shisha in Kenya. They are officially banned in the country. Despite this, many clubs still continue to defy the law and hookah smoking goes on in urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Nairobians-smoking-shisha-despite-ban/1056-5226836-qejagh/index.html |title=Nairobians smoking shisha despite ban |access-date=7 January 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130191808/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Nairobians-smoking-shisha-despite-ban/1056-5226836-qejagh/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/word-is/2018-12-10-has-the-ban-on-shisha-really-worked/|title=Has the ban on shisha really worked?|website=The Star|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804090354/https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/word-is/2018-12-10-has-the-ban-on-shisha-really-worked/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===South Africa===
In South Africa, hookah, colloquially known as a ''hubbly bubbly'' or an ''okka pipe'', is popular among the [[Cape Malay]] and [[Indian South Africans|Indian]] populations, wherein it is smoked as a social pastime.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Independent Online |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=29&art_id=qw103460508099B241 |title=Hubble-bubble as cafes go up in smoke |date=14 October 2002 |access-date=2010-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023201706/http://www.iol.co.za/news/back-page/hubble-bubble-as-cafes-go-up-in-smoke-1.95976#.V0XSz-SDpnU |archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2016|reason=Article is about Egypt, not South Africa, and doesn't support anything here.}} However, hookah is seeing increasing popularity with South Africans, especially the youth.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = van der Merwe | first1 = N. | display-authors = etal | year = 2013 | title = Hookah pipe smoking among health sciences students | journal = South African Medical Journal | volume = 103 | issue = 11 | pages = 847–849 | doi = 10.7196/SAMJ.7448 | doi-broken-date = 10 November 2024 | pmid = 24148170 | url = http://samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/download/7448/5485 | doi-access = free | hdl = 11427/34902 | hdl-access = free | access-date = 5 September 2019 | archive-date = 1 June 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240601132447/http://samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/download/7448/5485 | url-status = live }}</ref> Bars that additionally provide hookahs are becoming more prominent, although smoking is normally done at home or in public spaces such as beaches and picnic sites.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}

In South Africa, the terminology of the various hookah components also differ from other countries. The clay "head/bowl" is known as a "clay pot". The hoses are called "pipes" and the air release valve is known as a "clutch".{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}

The windcover (which is considered optional for outside use{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}) is known as an "As-jas", which directly translates from [[Afrikaans]] to English as an "ash-jacket". Also, making/preparing the "clay pot" is commonly referred to as "racking the hubbly".{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}

Some scientists point to the [[marijuana pipe]] as an African origin of hookah.<ref>"The Mysterious Origins of the Hookah (Narghile)" [http://www.sacrednarghile.com/en/mystery.html The Sacred Narghile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081816/http://www.sacrednarghile.com/en/mystery.html |date=20 December 2016 }}</ref>

===United States and Canada===
{{see also|Hookah lounge}}
[[File:Syrian restaurant LCCN2014698960.jpg|thumb|270px|Men smoking shisha and playing cards in a Syrian restaurant, [[Little Syria]] (Manhattan), 1910.]]
[[File:HarvardSquareHookah.jpg|thumb|upright|A hookah and a variety of tobacco products are on display in a [[Harvard Square]] store window in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], United States.]]

During the 1960s and 1970s, hookahs were a popular tool for the consumption of various derivations of tobacco, among other things.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jillian Krotki|title= Hookah lounge brings '60s pastime back to the present |newspaper=Seminole Chronicle |date=29 October 2008|url= http://www.seminolechronicle.com/vnews/display.v/ART/2008/10/29/4908dae9de4c4|access-date=2013-09-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919133210/http://www.seminolechronicle.com/vnews/display.v/ART/2008/10/29/4908dae9de4c4|archive-date=19 September 2012}}</ref> At parties or small gatherings the hookah hose was passed around with users partaking as they saw fit. Typically, though, open flames were used instead of burning coals.

Today, hookahs are readily available for sale at smoke shops and some gas stations across the United States, along with a variety of tobacco brands and accessories. In addition to private hookah smoking, hookah lounges or bars have opened in cities across the country.

Recently, certain cities, counties, and states have implemented indoor [[smoking ban]]s. In some jurisdictions, hookah businesses can be exempted from the policies through special permits. Some permits, however, have requirements such as the business earning a certain minimum percentage of their revenue from alcohol or tobacco.

In cities with indoor smoking bans, hookah bars have been forced to close or switch to tobacco-free mixtures. In many cities, though, hookah lounges have been growing in popularity.<ref>{{cite news|author=Harben, Victoria|title=Beyond the Smoke, There is a Solidarity Among Cultures|publisher=Cgnews.org|date=2 May 2006|url=http://www.cgnews.org/article.php?id=1692&lan=en&sp=0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017095642/http://www.cgnews.org/article.php?id=1692&lan=en&sp=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2013|access-date=2013-09-03}}</ref> From the year 2000 to 2004, over 200 new hookah cafés opened for business, most of them targeted at young adults<ref>Lyon, Lindsay "The Hazard in Hookah Smoke". (28 January 2008)</ref> and located near [[college campus]]es or cities with large Middle-Eastern communities. This activity continues to gain popularity within the post-secondary student demographic.<ref>{{cite news|author=Quenqua, Douglas |title=Putting a Crimp in the Hookah|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=30 May 2011|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/31/health/31hookah.html|access-date=2013-09-03}}</ref> Hookah use among high school students declined from 9.4% to 3.4% from 2014 to 2019 while cigarette smoking decreased from 9.2% to 5.8% during this same time period, according to the US CDC.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/infographics/youth/pdfs/tobacco-use-teens-2019-p.pdf |title=Tobacco Product Use Among High School Students |date=2019 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=8 July 2020 |archive-date=8 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708091350/https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/infographics/youth/pdfs/tobacco-use-teens-2019-p.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Arrazola, RA|title=Tobacco use among middle and high school students--United States, 2011-2014|journal=Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report|date=17 April 2015|volume=64|issue=14|pages=381–385|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wang, TW|last2=Gentzke, AS| last3=Creamer, MR|title=Tobacco product and associated factors among middle and high school students--United States, 2019|journal=Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report|date=6 December 2019|volume=68|issue=12|pages=1–22|display-authors=etal}}</ref> According to a 2018 study, 1.1% of students with some college but no degree, an associate degree or an undergraduate degree reported waterpipe or pipe tobacco product use either every day or some days.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Creamer, MR|last2=Wang, TW| last3=Babb, S|title= Tobacco Product Use and Cessation Indicators Among Adults – United States, 2018|journal= MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|date=15 November 2019|volume=68|issue=45|pages=1013–1019|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6845a2|pmid=31725711|pmc=6855510|display-authors=etal}}</ref> As of November 2017, at least 2,082 college or university campuses in the U.S. have adopted 100% smokefree campus policies that attempt to eliminate smoking in indoor and outdoor areas across the entire campus, including residences.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wang, TW|last2=Tynan, MA| last3=Hallett, C|title= Smoke-Free and Tobacco-Free Policies in Colleges and Universities ― United States and Territories, 2017|journal= MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|date=22 June 2018|volume=67|issue=24|pages=686–689|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6724a4|pmid=29927904|pmc=6013086|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

In the United States, the prevalence of hookah use has been noted in a 2019 article to be increasing, particularly among certain states with larger populations of Arab Americans. The use of hookah is more common in urban areas compared to rural areas, and this trend is influenced by factors like availability in public spaces such as cafés and restaurants, as well as cultural and social influences.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Qasim |first1=Hanan |last2=Alarabi |first2=Ahmed B. |last3=Alzoubi |first3=Karem H. |last4=Karim |first4=Zubair A. |last5=Alshbool |first5=Fatima Z. |last6=Khasawneh |first6=Fadi T. |date=2019-09-14 |title=The effects of hookah/waterpipe smoking on general health and the cardiovascular system |journal=Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=58 |doi=10.1186/s12199-019-0811-y |doi-access=free |issn=1347-4715 |pmc=6745078 |pmid=31521105|bibcode=2019EHPM...24...58Q }}</ref>