Editing Holy Lance (section)

=== Vienna ===
[[File:I09 524 Reichskreuz und Heilige Lanze.jpg|thumb|The Holy Lance (left) on display with other items from the [[Imperial Regalia]] in Vienna]]
The Holy Lance in Vienna is displayed in the [[Imperial Treasury (Vienna)|Imperial Treasury]] or ''Weltliche Schatzkammer'' (lit. Worldly Treasure Room) at the [[Hofburg Palace]] in Vienna, Austria.<ref name="KunsthistorischesHeiligeLanze">{{cite web |title=Die Heilige Lanze |url=https://www.khm.at/en/objectdb/detail/100443/ |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum |access-date=2023-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806021613/https://www.khm.at/en/objectdb/detail/100443/ |trans-title=The Holy Lance|url-status=live |archive-date=2023-08-06}}</ref> It is the head of a typical winged lance of the [[Carolingian dynasty]].<ref name="KunsthistorischesHeiligeLanze"/> The shaft was presumably lost or destroyed by the reign of [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]] (1024–1039), who commissioned the ''Reichskreuz'' ("Imperial Cross") to serve as a reliquary for the spearhead.<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|p=36}}

The spearhead is wrapped in a distinctive gold cuff, added by [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]] around 1354. The cuff is inscribed with the Latin text "LANCEA ET CLAVVS DOMINI" ("The lance and nail of the Lord"), affirming that the lance was once used by Longinus and that one of the [[Holy Nails]] has been incorporated into the spearhead.<ref name="Kirchweger 2005"/>{{rp|p=76}}<ref name="Adelson 1966"/>{{rp|181}}  The gold cuff covers an older, silver cuff produced for [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] between 1084 and 1105, which also refers to the Holy Nail but identifies the spearhead as the lance of [[Saint Maurice]].  Gilded stripes on both sides of the silver cuff bear another Latin inscription: "CLAVVS DOMINICVS HEINRICVS D[EI] GR[ATI]A TERCIVS / ROMANO[RVM] IMPERATOR AVG[VSTVS] HOC ARGEN / TVM IVSSIT / FABRICARl AD CONFIRMATIONE[M] / CLAVI D[OMI]NI ET LANCEE SANCTI MAVRI / CII // SANCTVS MAVRICIVS" ("Nail of the Lord Henry by the Grace of God the Third, Emperor of the Romans and Augustus, ordered this silver piece to be made to reinforce the Nail of the Lord and the Lance of St. Maurice / Saint Maurice").<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|pp=23–24}}<ref name="Adelson 1966"/>{{rp|181}}  The inscription refers to Henry IV, the fourth of his name to reign as [[King of Germany]], as "the third" because he was the third of his name crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]].<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|pp=24}}

According to [[Liutprand of Cremona]], the first German monarch to obtain the lance was King [[Henry the Fowler]] who purchased it in  926,<ref name="Wolf 2005">{{cite book | author-last=Wolf |author-first=Gunther G. |contribution=Nochmals zur Geschicthe der Heiligen Lanze bis zum Ende des Mittelalters |trans-contribution=Once more the History of the Holy Lance through the End of the Middle Ages |editor-last=Kirchweger |editor-first=Franz |title=Die Heilige Lanze in Wien: Insignie, Reliquie, "Schicksalsspeer" |date=2005 |trans-title=The Holy Lance in Vienna: Insignia, Relic, "Spear of Destiny" |language=de |location=Vienna |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum |pages=23–51}}</ref>{{rp|p=27}} from King [[Rudolf II of Burgundy]].<ref name="Liutprand 1930">{{cite book |author=Liutprand of Cremona |author-link=Liutprand of Cremona |date=1930 |contribution=Antapodosis, Book IV |title=The Works of Liudprand of Cremona |translator-last=Wright |translator-first=F. A. |pages=139–172 |location=London |publisher=Routledge & Sons |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.168391 |access-date=2024-03-08 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|p=160}}<ref name="Adelson 1966">{{cite journal |author-last=Adelson |author-first=Howard L. |title=The Holy Lance and the Hereditary German Monarchy |journal=The Art Bulletin |date=June 1966 |volume=48 |number=2 |pages=177–192 |jstor=3048362 |doi=10.2307/3048362 |publisher=College Art Association}}</ref>{{rp|178}}  Rudolf is supposed to have received the lance as a gift from a "Count Samson,",<ref name="Liutprand 1930"/>{{rp|p=160}} about whom nothing else is known.<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|p=47 n.70}}  Liutprand associated the lance not with Longinus, but with [[Constantine the Great]], citing a claim that the Roman emperor used the [[Holy Nails]], discovered by his mother [[Helena, mother of Constantine I|Helena]], to make crosses in the middle of the spearhead.<ref name="Liutprand 1930"/>{{rp|p=160}}<ref name="Adelson 1966"/>{{rp|p=178}}  The description given by Liutprand closely corresponds to the relic kept in Vienna today.<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|p=29}}

An alternative account of how Henry received the lance is offered by [[Widukind of Corvey]].  According to Widukind, King [[Conrad I of Germany]] made arrangements on his deathbed in 918 to send his royal insignia, including the Holy Lance, to Henry, who would succeed him as king of [[East Francia]].<ref name="Widukind 2014">{{cite book |author=Widukind of Corvey |author-link=Widukind of Corvey |date=2014 |title=Deeds of the Saxons |translator1-last=Bachrach |translator1-first=Bernard S. |translator2-last=Bachrach |translator2-first=Davis S. |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Catholic University of America |url=https://archive.org/details/deeds-of-the-saxons-book |via=[[Internet Archive]] |access-date=2024-03-04}}</ref>  This version of events has been rejected by historians.<ref name="Adelson 1966"/>{{rp|p=181}}

On 15 March 933, Henry carried his lance as he led his forces against the [[Principality of Hungary|Magyars]] in the [[Battle of Riade]].  From that point forward, the [[Ottonian dynasty]] regarded the lance as a talisman guaranteeing victory.<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|27}}  The timing of the battle—on the feast day of Longinus—indicates that by this time Henry associated the relic with the lance used in the crucifixion.<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|27,46 n.81}}  Along the same lines, it may be telling that Henry's son [[Otto the Great]] fought the [[Battle of Birten]] in the first half of March 939.<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|27–28}}  However, in 955 Otto sought support from [[Saint Lawrence]] to secure victory in the [[Battle of Lechfeld]], which was planned to occur on Lawrence's feast day.<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|28}}  This shift may have resulted from the increased diplomatic ties between Germany and the Byzantine Empire circa 949/950.  As the Germans became aware of the Byzantine version of the Holy Lance, it became politically inconvenient to associate the Ottonian lance with Longinus.<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|28}}  By 1008 the lance was identified with that of Saint Maurice,<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|36–38}} who had been venerated by Otto the Great.<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|41–42}}

[[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]] commissioned two replicas of the lance.  One of these was given to Prince Vajk of Hungary in 996, who was later crowned King [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]].<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|p=30}}  The other was presented to Duke of Poland, [[Bolesław I of Poland|Bolesław I]], at the [[Congress of Gniezno]] in 1000.<ref name="Czajkowski 1949">{{cite journal |author-last=Czajkowski |author-first=Anthony F. |date=July 1949 |title=The Congress of Gniezno in the Year 1000 |journal=Speculum |volume=24 |number=3 |pages=339–356 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |doi=10.2307/2848012 |jstor=2848012|s2cid=162927768}}</ref>{{rp|351}}<ref name="Gallus 1851">{{cite book |author=Gallus Anonymus |author-link=Gallus Anonymus |contribution=[[Gesta principum Polonorum|Chronicae Polonorum]] |language=la |editor-last=Pertz |editor-first=Georg Heinrich |editor-link=Georg Heinrich Pertz |title=Scriptores (in Folio) 9: Chronica et annales aevi Salici |series=[[Monumenta Germaniae Historica]] |location=Hanover |date=1851 |page=[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_9/index.htm#page/429 429] |via=dMGH}}</ref> The Polish lance is currently displayed in the [[John Paul II Cathedral Museum]] in Kraków.<ref name="Wawel Royal Cathedral">{{cite web |url=https://www.katedra-wawelska.pl/en/muzeum-wawelskie/historia/ |title=Wawel's Cathedral Museum: History |website=The Wawel Royal Cathedral of St Stanislaus B. M. and St Wenceslaus M. |access-date=2024-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117215416/https://www.katedra-wawelska.pl/en/muzeum-wawelskie/historia/ |url-status=live |archive-date=2024-01-17}}</ref>  The fate of the Hungarian lance is less clear.  When Stephen's successor, [[Peter, King of Hungary|Peter Orseolo]] was deposed in 1041, he sought the aid of German king [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry III]], who captured the lance in the [[Battle of Ménfő]].  Whether Henry returned the lance to Peter upon his restoration is uncertain.<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|p=34}}  Shortly before [[World War I]], a gold-inlaid spearhead, identified as a Germanic work from around the year 1000, was dredged from the Danube River near Budapest.<ref name="Paulsen 1933">{{cite journal |author-last=Paulsen |author-first=Peter |title=Magyarországi viking leletek az észak- és nyugat-európai kultúrtörténet megvilágításában / Wikingerfunde aus Ungarn im Lichte der nord- und westeuropäischen Frühgeschichte |trans-title=Viking finds from Hungary in Light of Early Northern and Western European History |language=hu,de |journal=Archaeologia Hungarica |volume=12 |url=https://en.mandadb.hu/tetel/123556/Magyarorszagi_viking_leletek_az_eszak_es_nyugateuropai_kulturtortenet_megvilagitasaban |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|p=7}}<ref name="Schramm 1955">{{cite book |author-last=Schramm |author-first=Percy Ernst |author-link=Percy Ernst Schramm |contribution=Die „Heilige Lanze“, Reliquie und Herrschaftszeichen des Reiches und ihre Replik in Krakau. Ein Überblick über die Geschichte der Königslanze. |trans-contribution=The "Holy Lance", Relic and Symbol of Power of the Empire and its Replica in Krakow. An Overview of the History of the King's Lance. |title=Herrschaftszeichen und Staatssymbolik. Beiträge zu ihrer Geschichte vom dritten bis zum sechzehnten Jahrhundert. |volume=II |trans-title=Signs of power and state symbolism. Contributions to its history from the third to the sixteenth century. |pages=492–537 |language=de |contribution-url=https://archive.org/details/DieHeiligeLanze/ |via=[[Internet Archive]] |date=1955 |access-date=2024-03-09}}</ref>{{rp|p=519}}  The gold inlay suggests that this artifact could be Stephen's lance replica, but this has not been confirmed.<ref name="Wolf 2005"/>{{rp|p=34}}

In 1424, [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]] had a collection of relics, including the lance, moved from his capital in [[Prague]] to his birthplace, [[Nuremberg]], and decreed them to be kept there forever.<ref name="Schleif 2018">{{cite web |author2-last=Schier |author2-first=Volker |author1-last=Schleif |author1-first=Corine |author1-link=Corine Schleif |title=How was the Geese Book made? |website=Opening the Geese Book |publisher=Arizona State University |url=https://geesebook.asu.edu/docs/How_text_2020.pdf |date=20 November 2018}}</ref>{{rp|7–8}} This collection was called the [[Imperial Regalia]] (''{{lang|de|Reichskleinodien}}'').<ref name="Schleif 2018" />

When the French Revolutionary army approached Nuremberg in the spring of 1796, the local authorities turned over the Imperial Regalia to [[von Hügel|Johann Alois von Hügel]], Chief Commissary of the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]].<ref name="Guide to the Treasury 1910">{{cite book |title=Guide to the Treasury of the Imperial House of Austria in the Imperial and Royal Palace in Vienna |date=1910 |location=Vienna |author-first=Adolf |author=Holzhausen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPE4AQAAMAAJ |access-date=2023-08-07 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>{{rp|18–19}}<ref name="Wilson 2006">{{cite journal |title=Bolstering the Prestige of the Habsburgs: The End of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 |author-first=Peter H. |author-last=Wilson |journal=The International History Review |date=December 2006 |volume=28 |number=4 |pages=709–736 |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. |doi=10.1080/07075332.2006.9641109 |jstor=40109811|s2cid=154316830}}</ref>{{rp|732}}  Baron von Hügel took the regalia to [[Regensburg|Ratisbon]] for safekeeping, but by 1800 that city was also under threat of invasion, so he relocated them again to [[Passau]], [[Linz]], and Vienna.<ref name="Guide to the Treasury 1910"/>  When the French entered Vienna in 1805, the collection was moved again to Hungary, before ultimately returning to Vienna.<ref name="Wilson 2006"/>{{rp|732}}<ref name="Guide to the Treasury 1910"/>{{rp|19}}  These movements were conducted in secret, as the status of the regalia had not been resolved amid plans for the [[dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire]].  When Nuremberg later appealed for the return of the regalia, the city's requests were easily dismissed by the [[Austrian Empire]].<ref name="Wilson 2006"/>{{rp|732}}

The [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]] has dated the lance to the 8th century.<ref name="KunsthistorischesHeiligeLanze"/> Robert Feather, an English metallurgist and technical engineering writer, tested it for a documentary in January 2003.<ref>{{citation |author=Lunghi, Cheri (narrator) |url=http://www.atlanticproductions.tv/recentbroadcast.html |title=Spear of Christ |publisher=[[BBC]]/[[Discovery Channel]], Atlantic Productions, 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041212031403/http://www.atlanticproductions.tv/recentbroadcast.html |archive-date=12 December 2004 |access-date=1 January 2007}}</ref><ref name="Bird2003">{{cite magazine |last1=Bird |first1=Maryann |title=Piercing An Ancient Tale: Solving the mystery of a Christian relic |url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/html/030616/science.html |access-date=25 June 2018 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=8 June 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030803151706/http://www.time.com/time/europe/html/030616/science.html |archive-date=3 August 2003}}</ref> Based on [[X-ray diffraction]], fluorescence tests, and other noninvasive procedures, he dated the main body of the spear to the 7th century at the earliest.<ref name="Bird2003"/> Feather stated in the same documentary that an iron pin – long claimed to be a nail from the crucifixion, hammered into the blade and set off by tiny brass crosses – was "consistent" in length and shape with a 1st-century AD Roman nail.<ref name="Bird2003"/>

Not long afterward, researchers at the Interdisciplinary Research Institute for Archeology in Vienna used X-ray and other technology to examine a range of lances, and determined that the Vienna lance dates from around the 8th to the beginning of the 9th century, with the nail apparently being of the same metal, and ruled out the possibility of it dating back to the 1st century AD.<ref name="Kreuznagel">{{cite news |title=Der geheimnisvolle Kreuznagel |url=https://www.zdf.de/ZDFde/inhalt/26/0,1872,2117690,00.html |access-date=25 June 2018 |work=[[ZDF]] |date=4 September 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112034143/http://www.zdf.de/ZDFde/inhalt/26/0,1872,2117690,00.html |archive-date=12 November 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Hofburg spear has been re-imagined in popular culture as a magical [[talisman]] whose powers may be used for good or evil.<ref name="Schleif 2005">{{cite book |author1-last=Schier |author1-first=Volker |title=Die Heilige Lanze in Wien: Insignie, Reliquie, "Schicksalsspeer" |author2-last=Schleif |author2-first=Corine |author2-link=Corine Schleif |date=2005 |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum |location=Vienna |pages=110–143 |language=de |trans-title=The Holy Lance in Vienna: Insignia, Relic, "Spear of Destiny" |contribution=Die heilige und die unheilige Lanze. Von Richard Wagner bis zum World Wide Web |access-date=2023-07-27 |contribution-url=https://www.academia.edu/8295541/Volker_Schier_und_Corine_Schleif_Die_Heilige_und_die_unheilige_Lanze_Von_Richard_Wagner_bis_zum_World_Wide_Web |via=[[Academia.edu]] |trans-contribution=The Holy and the Unholy Lance. From Richard Wagner to the World Wide Web |contribution-url-access=registration}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Weltliche Schatzkammer Wien (180)-3-2.jpg|Holy Lance displayed in the [[Imperial Treasury (Vienna)|Imperial Treasury]] at the [[Hofburg Palace]] in Vienna, Austria
File:Maurycy.jpg|Polish replica of the Holy Lance, [[Wawel Hill]], [[Kraków]]
File:Holy Lance Detail.jpg|The inscription on the Holy Lance
</gallery>