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===19th century=== [[File:Panorama of Manhattan Island. (With details) Hoboken in 1854(NYPL Hades-1090707-psnypl prn 1006) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Hoboken in 1854]] [[File:Birds eye view of Hoboken (NYPL Hades-118990-53939) (cropped).tif|thumb|left|Hoboken in 1860]] [[File:New York, from Hoboken, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views (cropped).png|thumb|left|A [[stereoscopic]] image of ferries at Hoboken, 1865]] In the early 19th century, Colonel [[John Stevens (inventor, born 1749)|John Stevens]] developed the waterfront as a resort for Manhattanites.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Thomas Francis |title=A Gazetteer of the State of New Jersey: Comprehending a General View of Its Physical and Moral Condition, Together with a Topographical and Statistical Account of Its Counties, Towns, Villages, Canals, Rail Roads, &c., Accompanied by a Map |year=1834 |publisher=Daniel Fenton |isbn=978-0-7222-0244-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VoVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA92 |access-date=October 2, 2020 |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517183852/https://books.google.com/books?id=8VoVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA92 |url-status=live }}</ref> On October 11, 1811, Stevens' ship the ''Juliana'', began to operate as a [[ferry]] between Manhattan and Hoboken, making it the world's first commercial steam ferry.<ref>[http://www.stevens.edu/sit/about/steamboats.cfm "History: Steamboats"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616051225/http://www.stevens.edu/sit/about/steamboats.cfm |date=June 16, 2012 }}, Stevens Institute of Technology. Accessed April 16, 2012. "Thus, in 1811 the Colonel purchased a commercial ferry license in New York state and operated a horse powered ferry while building a steam ferry, the ''Juliana.'' When the ''Juliana'' was put into service from Hoboken to New York, the Stevenses inaugurated what is reputed to be the first regular commercially operated steam ferry in the world."</ref> In 1825, he designed and built a [[steam locomotive]] capable of hauling several passenger cars at his estate.<ref>Burks, Edward C. [https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/13/archives/hoboken-to-pay-tribute-to-5wheel-locomotive.html "Hoboken to Pay Tribute To 5βWheel Locomotive"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008202918/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/13/archives/hoboken-to-pay-tribute-to-5wheel-locomotive.html |date=October 8, 2021 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 13, 1976. Accessed August 19, 2020.</ref> [[Sybil's Cave]], a cave with a natural spring, was opened in 1832 and visitors came to pay a penny for a glass of water from the cave which was said to have medicinal powers.<ref>Jennemann, Tom. [http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full_stories_home/2402705/article-Excavation-of-Sybil-s-Cave-to-begin-Tuesday-Site-was-location-of-natural-spring--inspiration-for-Poe-murder-mystery "Excavation of Sybil's Cave to begin Tuesday Site was location of natural spring, inspiration for Poe murder mystery"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426214912/http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full_stories_home/2402705/article-Excavation-of-Sybil-s-Cave-to-begin-Tuesday-Site-was-location-of-natural-spring--inspiration-for-Poe-murder-mystery |date=April 26, 2013 }}, ''[[The Hudson Reporter]]'', January 25, 2005. Accessed April 16, 2012. "Roberts said that the benches they will add will hark back to a time when the city's waterfront was a retreat for wealthy New Yorkers. Sybil's Cave was first opened as a day trippers' attraction in 1832, according to an Aug. 9, 1934 story in the Hoboken Dispatch."</ref> In 1841, the cave became a legend, when [[Edgar Allan Poe]] wrote "[[The Mystery of Marie Roget]]" about an event that took place there.<ref>Fahim, Kareem. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/26/nyregion/26cave.html "'Open Sesame' Just Won't Do: Hoboken Tries to Unlock Its Cave"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619021204/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/26/nyregion/26cave.html |date=June 19, 2022 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', June 26, 2007. Accessed April 16, 2012. "In 1841, the bloodied body of Mary Cecilia Rogers drifted to shore near the mouth of Sybil's Cave, and into legend, the subject of a thriller by Edgar Allan Poe."</ref> The cave was closed in the late 1880s after the water was found to be contaminated, and it was shut and in the 1930s and filled with concrete, before it was reopened in 2008.<ref>Baldwin, Carly. [https://www.nj.com/hobokennow/2008/10/sybils_cave_reopened_amid_cont.html "Sybil's Cave reopened -- amid controversy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801193325/https://www.nj.com/hobokennow/2008/10/sybils_cave_reopened_amid_cont.html |date=August 1, 2020 }}, ''[[The Jersey Journal]]''/ [[NJ.com]], October 21, 2008, updated April 2, 2019. Accessed November 13, 2019. "Hoboken Mayor Dave Roberts celebrated the re-opening of the historic Sybil's Cave this morning. But, as Hoboken wrestles with a state takeover and residents face a 47 percent tax hike, some say Sybil's Cave is just another example of what they call the mayor's spendthrift ways."</ref> Before his death in 1838, Stevens founded the [[Hoboken Land and Improvement Company Building|Hoboken Land and Improvement Company]], which laid out a regular system of streets, blocks and lots, constructed housing, and developed manufacturing sites. In general, the housing consisted of masonry row houses of three to five stories, some of which survive to the present day, as does the street grid.<ref>Colrick, Patricia Florio. [https://books.google.com/books?id=t6RD_6qV1NwC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6 ''Hoboken''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803071435/https://books.google.com/books?id=t6RD_6qV1NwC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6 |date=August 3, 2020 }}. p. 6. [[Arcadia Publishing]], 1999. {{ISBN|0-7385-3730-6}}. Accessed April 16, 2012. "Hoboken was laid out in a grid pattern in 1804, on the Loss Map by the inventor and the owner of much of the land, Colonel John Stevens."</ref> Hoboken was originally formed as a [[township (New Jersey)|township]] on April 9, 1849, from portions of [[North Bergen, New Jersey|North Bergen Township]]. As the town grew in population and employment, many of Hoboken's residents saw a need to incorporate as a full-fledged city, and in a referendum held on March 29, 1855, ratified an Act of the [[New Jersey Legislature]] signed the previous day, and the City of Hoboken was born.<ref name=Story/> In the subsequent election, Cornelius V. Clickener became [[Mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken's first mayor]]. On March 15, 1859, the Township of Weehawken was created from portions of Hoboken and North Bergen Township.<ref name=Story>Snyder, John P. [https://nj.gov/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin67.pdf ''The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968''], Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 148. Accessed May 29, 2024.</ref> Based on a bequest from [[Edwin A. Stevens]], [[Stevens Institute of Technology]] was founded at [[Castle Point (Hoboken)|Castle Point]] in 1870, at the site of the [[Stevens family]]'s former estate, as the nation's first [[mechanical engineering]] college.<ref name=History>[https://www.stevens.edu/about-stevens/stevens-history Leading Innovation: A Brief History of Stevens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031917/https://www.stevens.edu/about-stevens/stevens-history |date=November 7, 2017 }}, [[Stevens Institute of Technology]]. Accessed November 5, 2017. "When inventor Edwin A. Stevens died in 1868, his will provided for the establishment of the university that now bears his family's name. Two years later, in 1870, Stevens Institute of Technology opened, offering a rigorous engineering curriculum leading to the degree of Mechanical Engineer following a course of study firmly grounded both in scientific principles and the humanities."</ref> By the late 19th century, shipping lines were using Hoboken as a terminal port, and the [[Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad]] (later the [[Erie Lackawanna Railroad]]) developed a railroad terminal at the waterfront, with the present [[NJ Transit]] terminal designed by architect [[Kenneth Murchison]] constructed in 1907.<ref>Hughes, C. J. [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/21/realestate/commercial/21station.html "Reviving the Glory of Hoboken Terminal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003426/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/21/realestate/commercial/21station.html |date=October 5, 2013 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 21, 2005. Accessed April 16, 2012. "The Hoboken Terminal, built in 1907, is a two-story Beaux-Arts structure designed by Kenneth Murchison, an architect with the firm of McKim, Mead & White, which designed the original Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan."</ref> It was also during this time that German immigrants, who had been settling in town during most of the century, became the predominant population group in the city, at least partially due to its being a major destination port of the [[Hamburg America Line]], though anti-German sentiment during World War I led to a rapid decline in the German community.<ref>Skontra, Alan. [http://hoboken.patch.com/articles/a-history-of-hobokens-immigrants "A History of Hoboken's Immigrants: Dr. Christina Ziegler-McPherson presented her new book at the museum."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619021204/https://patch.com/new-jersey/hoboken/a-history-of-hobokens-immigrants |date=June 19, 2022 }}, HobokenPatch, July 18, 2011. Accessed April 16, 2012. "Hoboken's population started to grow when shipping companies built docks and warehouses along the waterfront, notably the Hamburg America line in 1863. With this development came jobs, which attracted immigrants. The city's population jumped from 2,200 in 1850 to 20,000 in 1870 and 43,000 in 1890.... Ziegler-McPherson said she learned just how much the city was a German enclave at the turn of the 20th century. A quarter of the city's residents had German roots, earning Hoboken the nickname of 'Little Bremen.'"</ref> In addition to the primary industry of shipbuilding, Hoboken became home to [[Keuffel and Esser]]'s three-story factory and in 1884, to Tietjen and Lang Drydock (later [[Vigor Shipyards|Todd Shipyards]]). Well-known companies that developed a major presence in Hoboken after the turn-of the-century included [[Maxwell House]], [[Lipton|Lipton Tea]], and [[Hostess (brand)|Hostess]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Factories And Family Favorites In Hoboken |url=https://patch.com/new-jersey/hoboken/factories-family-favorites |access-date=2020-11-25 |website=Hoboken, NJ Patch |language=en |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104070714/https://patch.com/new-jersey/hoboken/factories-family-favorites |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Birthplace of baseball==== [[File:Baseball at Elysian Fields, Hoboken, NJ in 1866.jpg|thumb|left|Early baseball game played at [[Elysian Fields (Hoboken, New Jersey)|Elysian Fields]]]] [[File:1.20.10ElysianFieldsMarkerByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|A historic marker stands at the intersection of 11th and Washington Streets, former site of Elysian Fields]] The first officially recorded game of [[baseball]] took place in Hoboken in 1846 between [[Knickerbocker Base Ball Club of New York|Knickerbocker Club]] and New York Nine at [[Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey|Elysian Fields]].<ref>Sullivan, Dean A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TKbXIHDH1TQC "Early Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1825β1908"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112160123/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKbXIHDH1TQC |date=January 12, 2016 }}, [[University of Nebraska Press]], 1997. {{ISBN|9780803292444}}. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref> In 1845, the Knickerbocker Club, which had been founded by [[Alexander Cartwright]], began using Elysian Fields to play [[baseball]] due to the lack of suitable grounds on [[Manhattan]].<ref>Nieves, Evelyn. [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/03/nyregion/our-towns-in-hoboken-dreams-of-eclipsing-the-cooperstown-baseball-legend.html "Our Towns; In Hoboken, Dreams of Eclipsing the Cooperstown Baseball Legend"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111042118/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/03/nyregion/our-towns-in-hoboken-dreams-of-eclipsing-the-cooperstown-baseball-legend.html |date=November 11, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 3, 1996. Accessed February 1, 2012.</ref> Team members included players of the [[St George's Cricket Club]], the brothers [[Harry Wright|Harry]] and [[George Wright (sportsman)|George Wright]], and [[Henry Chadwick (writer)|Henry Chadwick]], the English-born journalist who coined the term "America's Pastime".{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} By the 1850s, several [[Manhattan]]-based members of the [[National Association of Base Ball Players]] were using the grounds as their home field while St. George's continued to organize international matches between Canada, England and the United States at the same venue. In 1859, [[George Parr (cricketer)|George Parr]]'s All England Eleven of professional cricketers played the United States XXII at Hoboken, easily defeating the local competition. Sam Wright and his sons Harry and George Wright played on the defeated United States team, a loss which inadvertently encouraged local players to take up baseball. Henry Chadwick believed that baseball and not cricket should become the national pastime after the game drawing the conclusion that amateur American players did not have the leisure time required to develop cricket skills to the high technical level required of professional players. [[Harry Wright]] and [[George Wright (sportsman)|George Wright]] then became two of the first professional baseball players in the United States when Aaron Champion raised funds to found the [[Cincinnati Red Stockings]] in 1869.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} In 1865, the grounds hosted a championship match between the [[New York Mutuals|Mutual Club]] of New York City and the [[Brooklyn Atlantics|Atlantic Club]] of [[Brooklyn]] that was attended by an estimated 20,000 fans and captured in the [[Currier & Ives]] [[lithograph]] "The American National Game of Base Ball".<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/resource/pga.00600/ "The American national game of base ball. Grand match for the championship at the Elysian Fields, Hoboken, N.J."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331185026/https://www.loc.gov/resource/pga.00600/ |date=March 31, 2016 }}, [[Library of Congress]]. Accessed September 1, 2015.</ref> With the construction of two significant baseball parks enclosed by fences in [[Brooklyn]], enabling promoters there to charge admission to games, the prominence of [[Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey|Elysian Fields]] diminished. In 1868 the leading [[Manhattan]] club, [[New York Mutuals|Mutual]], shifted its home games to the [[Union Grounds]] in Brooklyn. In 1880, the founders of the [[New York Metropolitans]] and [[New York Giants (NL)|New York Giants]] finally succeeded in siting a ballpark in Manhattan that became known as the [[Polo Grounds]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
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