Editing Ho Chi Minh City (section)

==History==
===Early settlement===
The earliest settlement in the area was a [[Funan]] temple at the location of the current Phụng Sơn Buddhist temple, founded in the 4th century AD.<ref name="HistDict2">{{cite book |author=Corfield |first=Justin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pdAZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR17 |title=Historical Dictionary of Ho Chi Minh City |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-78308-333-6 |page=xvii |access-date=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033608/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pdAZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR17 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> A settlement called Baigaur was established on the site in the 11th century by the [[Champa]].<ref name="HistDict2" /> Baigaur was renamed Prey Nokor after conquest by the [[Khmer Empire]] around 1145,<ref name="HistDict2" /> Prey Nokor grew on the site of a small fishing village and area of forest.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vo|2011|pp=8, 12}}</ref>

The first [[Vietnamese people]] crossed the sea to explore this land completely without the organisation of the [[Nguyễn Lords]]. Thanks to the marriage between Princess [[Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn]] – daughter of Lord [[Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên]] – and the King of Cambodia [[Chey Chettha II]] in 1620, the relationship between Vietnam and Cambodia became smooth, and the people of the two countries could freely move back and forth. In exchange, Chey Chettha II gifted Prei Nokor to the [[Nguyễn lords]].<ref name=Song22>Song, Jeong Nam, Sự mở rộng lãnh thổ Đại Việt dưới thời Hậu Lê và tính chất, [[Korean University of Foreign Studies]], [[Seoul]], 2010, p.22</ref>  Vietnamese settlers began to migrate to the area of Saigon, Đồng Nai. Before that, the Funanese, Khmer, and Cham had lived there, scattered from time immemorial.

The period from 1623 to 1698 is considered the period of the formation of later Saigon. In 1623, Lord Nguyen sent a mission to ask his son-in-law, King Chey Chettha II, to set up tax collection stations in Prey Nokor (Sài Gòn) and Kas Krobei (Bến Nghé). Although this was a deserted jungle area, it was located on the traffic routes between Vietnam, Cambodia, and Siam. The next two important events of this period were the establishment of the barracks and residence of Vice King [[Ang Non]] and the establishment of a palace at Tân Mỹ (near the present-day Cống Quỳnh–Nguyễn Trãi crossroads). It can be said that Saigon was formed from these three government agencies.

===Nguyễn dynasty rule===
[[File:Map of Saigon 1795 Jean-Marie Dayot.jpg|thumb|''[[Citadel of Saigon|Thành Bát Quái]]'' (Citadel of Eight [[Bagua|Trigrams]]) or ''Thành Quy'' (Citadel of Tortoise) in 1795.]]

[[File:Ban Do Gia Dinh 1815 Tran Van Hoc v2.png|thumb|left|225px|Map of Gia Định in 1815]]

In 1679, Lord [[Nguyễn Phúc Tần]] allowed a group of Chinese refugees from the [[Qing dynasty]] to settle in [[My Tho|Mỹ Tho]], [[Bien Hoa|Biên Hòa]] and Saigon to seek refuge. In 1698, [[Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh]], a Vietnamese noble, was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of [[Huế]] by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area, thus detaching the area from Cambodia, which was not strong enough to intervene. He is often credited with the expansion of Saigon into a significant settlement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chúa Nguyễn cử thống suất Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh vào Nam kinh lược |url=http://www.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/left/gioi_thieu/lich_su_van_hoa/lich_su/cong_cuoc_khai_duong_mo_loi/chua_nguyen_cu_thong_suat_nguyen_huu_canh_vao_nam_kinh_luoc?left_menu=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518155404/http://www.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/left/gioi_thieu/lich_su_van_hoa/lich_su/cong_cuoc_khai_duong_mo_loi/chua_nguyen_cu_thong_suat_nguyen_huu_canh_vao_nam_kinh_luoc?left_menu=1 |archive-date=2007-05-18 |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=HCM CityWeb |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harms |first=Erik |title=Saigon's Edge: On the Margins of Ho Chi Minh City |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8166-5605-9 |location=Minnesota |page=11}}</ref> King [[Chey Chettha IV]] of Cambodia tried to stop the Vietnamese but was defeated by Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh in 1700. In February 1700, he invaded Cambodia from [[An Giang]]. In March, the Vietnamese expedition under Cảnh and a Chinese general [[Trần Thượng Xuyên]] (Chen Shangchuan) defeated the main Cambodian army at Bích Đôi citadel, king Chey Chettha IV took flight while his nephew [[Ang Em]] surrendered to the invaders, as the Vietnamese marched onto and captured Cambodia's capital [[Phnom Penh]].<ref name=Song23/> As a result, Saigon and [[Long An]] were officially and securely obtained by the Nguyễn, more Vietnamese settlers moved into the new conquered lands.<ref name=Song23>Song, Jeong Nam, Sự mở rộng lãnh thổ Đại Việt dưới thời Hậu Lê và tính chất, [[Korean University of Foreign Studies]], [[Seoul]], 2010, p.23</ref>

In 1788, [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]] captured the city, and used it as a centre of resistance against Tây Sơn.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vo|2011|p=36}}</ref> Two years later, a large [[Vauban]] citadel called [[Citadel of Saigon|Gia Định]], or ''Thành Bát Quái'' ("Eight Diagrams") was built by Victor [[Olivier de Puymanel]], one of the [[French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh|Nguyễn Ánh's French mercenaries]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=Mark W. |title=The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 1862–1874 |publisher=Praeger |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-275-93562-7 |location=New York |page=10}}</ref> The citadel was captured by [[Lê Văn Khôi]] during [[Lê Văn Khôi revolt|his revolt]] of 1833–35 against Emperor [[Minh Mạng]]. Following the revolt, Minh Mạng ordered it to be dismantled, and a new citadel, called ''Phụng Thành'', was built in 1836.<ref name=":2">{{Harvnb|Vo|2011|p=56}}</ref> In 1859, the citadel was destroyed by the French following the [[Battle of Ky Hoa|Battle of Kỳ Hòa]].<ref name=":2" /> Initially called Gia Định, the Vietnamese city became Saigon in the 18th century.<ref name="HistDict2" />

=== French colonial era ===
Ceded to France by the 1862 [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|Treaty of Saigon]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Corfield|2014|p=xix}}</ref> the city was planned by the French to transform into a large town for colonization. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, construction of various French-style buildings began, including a [[Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens|botanical garden]], the [[Norodom Palace]], [[Hotel Continental Saigon|Hotel Continental]], [[Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon|Notre-Dame Cathedral]], and [[Bến Thành Market]], among many others.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vo|2011|pp=75, 85–86}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Corfield|2014|pp=xix−xx}}</ref> In April 1865, [[Gia Dinh Bao|Gia Định Báo]] was established in Saigon, becoming the first newspaper published in Vietnam.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vo|2011|p=82}}</ref> During the French colonial era, Saigon became known as "Pearl of the Orient" (''{{lang|vi|Hòn ngọc Viễn Đông}}''),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bogle |first=James E. |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAK857.pdf |title=Dialectics of Urban Proposals for the Saigon Metropolitan Area |date=January 1972 |publisher=Ministry of Public Works, Republic of Vietnam; United States Agency for International Development |page=11 |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520054031/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAK857.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> or "Paris of the Extreme Orient".<ref>{{Harvnb|Vo|2011|pp=1, 77}}</ref>

On 27 April 1931, a new [[région]] called '''Saigon–Cholon''' consisting of Saigon and Cholon was formed; the name Cholon was dropped after South Vietnam gained independence from France in 1955.<ref>{{Harvnb|Corfield|2014|p=xxi}}</ref> From about 256,000 in 1930,<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Banens |first1=Maks |url=https://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP98.7/98_7.html |title=Estimating population and labour force in Vietnam under French rule (1900–1954) |last2=Bassino |first2=Jean-Pascal |last3=Egretaud |first3=Eric |publisher=Paul Valéry University |year=1998 |location=Montpellier |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403120609/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP98.7/98_7.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Saigon's population rose to 1.2 million in 1950.<ref name=":3" />

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="130" perrow="3" caption="''Gallery of Saigon during the French colonial era''">
File:French capture of Saigon in 1859.jpg|The [[Siege of Saigon]] fortress in 1859 by Franco-Spanish forces.
File:Coat of Arms Saigon.svg|Coat of arms of Saigon established during [[French Indochina|French colonial administration]] and used from 1870 to 1975.
File:Citadel of Saigon 1881.jpg|Map of Saigon in 1881.
File:Casernes du 11e R.I.C. à Saigon.jpg|[[Troupes coloniales|French soldiers]] stationed at a barrack in Saigon in 1930.
File:Japanese troops entering Saigon in 1941.jpg|[[Imperial Japanese Army|Imperial Japanese soldiers]] entering Saigon in 1941, during [[French Indochina in World War II|World War II]].
File:Saigon under attack by US carrier planes on 12 January 1945.jpg|Saigon afire after aerial attacks from carrier-based planes of the [[United States Pacific Fleet|US Pacific Fleet]] in 1945.
</gallery>

===''State of Vietnam'' and ''Republic of Vietnam'' era===
On 14 June 1949, 10 days after France returned [[French Cochinchina|Cochinchina]] to Vietnam, former Emperor [[Bảo Đại]] made Saigon the capital of the [[State of Vietnam]] with himself as head of state.<ref name="History">{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=K. W. |title=A History of the Vietnamese |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-521-87586-8 |page=547}}</ref> The state was proclaimed in July. In July 1954, the [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Agreement]] partitioned Vietnam [[Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone|along]] the [[17th parallel north|17th parallel]] ([[Bến Hải River]]), with the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]], under [[Ho Chi Minh]], gaining complete control of [[North Vietnam|the northern half of the country]], while the southern half gained independence from France.<ref name=":4">{{Harvnb|Vo|2011|p=130}}</ref> 

The State officially became the [[Republic of Vietnam]] when Bảo Đại was deposed by his Prime Minister [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] in the 1955 [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|referendum]],<ref name=":4" /> with Saigon as its capital.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-85109-960-3|editor-last=Tucker|editor-first=Spencer C. |edition=2nd |volume=III |location=California |pages=1010–1011 |chapter=Saigon}}</ref> On 22 October 1956, the city was given the official name, ''{{lang|vi|Đô Thành Sài Gòn}}'' ("Capital City Saigon").<ref name=":6">{{cite web |title=Sài Gòn dưới thời Mỹ Ngụy |url=http://www.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/left/gioi_thieu/lich_su_van_hoa/lich_su/tp_chung_nhan_cua_dong_chay_ls/khang_chien_chong_my/sai_gon_duoi_thoi_my_nguy?left_menu=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518085101/http://www.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/left/gioi_thieu/lich_su_van_hoa/lich_su/tp_chung_nhan_cua_dong_chay_ls/khang_chien_chong_my/sai_gon_duoi_thoi_my_nguy?left_menu=1 |archive-date=2007-05-18 |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=HCM CityWeb |language=vi}}</ref> After the decree of 27 March, 1959 came into effect, Saigon was divided into eight districts and 41 wards.<ref name=":6" /> 

In December 1966, two wards from old An Khánh Commune of Gia Định, were formed into District 1, then seceded shortly later to become District 9.<ref name=":8">{{cite web |title=Lịch sử vùng đất |url=http://www.lienminhhtxhcm.com.vn/VietNam/SaiGon/oldSaiGon/intro1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907031225/http://www.lienminhhtxhcm.com.vn/VietNam/SaiGon/oldSaiGon/intro1.asp |archive-date=2005-09-07 |access-date=2021-05-22 |publisher=Ho Chi Minh City Cooperative Alliance |language=vi}}</ref> In July 1969, District 10 and District 11 were founded, and by 1975, the city's area consisted of eleven districts, [[Gia Định Province|Gia Định]], [[Củ Chi District]] ([[Hậu Nghĩa Province|Hậu Nghĩa]]), and [[Phú Hòa District]] ([[Bình Dương Province|Bình Dương]]).<ref name=":8" />

Saigon served as the financial, industrial and transport centre of the Republic of Vietnam.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bogle|1972|p=14}}</ref> In the late 1950s, with the U.S. providing nearly $2 billion in aid to the Diệm regime, the country's economy grew rapidly under the [[capitalism|capitalist model]];<ref name=":6" /> by 1960, over half of South Vietnam's factories were located in Saigon.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bogle|1972|p=13}}</ref> However, beginning in the 1960s, Saigon experienced economic downturn and high inflation, as it was completely dependent on U.S. aid and imports from other countries.<ref name=":6" /> As a result of widespread urbanisation, with the population reaching 3.3 million by 1970, the city was described by the [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] as being turned "into a huge slum".<ref>{{Harvnb|Bogle|1972|p=31}}</ref> The city also suffered from "prostitutes, drug addicts, corrupt officials, beggars, orphans, and Americans with money", and according to [[Stanley Karnow]], it was "a black-market city in the largest sense of the word".<ref name=":5" />

On 28 April 1955, the [[Vietnamese National Army]] launched [[Battle of Saigon (1955)|an attack]] against [[Bình Xuyên]] military force in the city. The battle lasted until May, killing an estimated 500 people and leaving about 20,000 homeless.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Vo|2011|pp=129–130}}</ref> Ngô Đình Diệm then later turned on other paramilitary groups in Saigon, including the [[Hòa Hảo]] Buddhist reform movement.<ref name=":5" /> On 11 June 1963, Buddhist monk [[Thích Quảng Đức]] self emulated in the city, in protest of the Diệm regime. On 1 November of the same year, Diệm was [[Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem|assassinated]] in Saigon, in a successful coup by [[Dương Văn Minh]].<ref name=":5" />

During the 1968 [[Tet Offensive]], communist forces launched a failed [[Battle of Saigon (1968)|attempt to capture the city]]. Seven years later, on 30 April, 1975, [[Fall of Saigon|Saigon was captured]], ending the [[Vietnam War]] with a victory for North Vietnam,<ref>{{cite web |last=Woollacott |first=Martin |date=21 April 2015 |title=Forty years on from the fall of Saigon: witnessing the end of the Vietnam war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/apr/21/40-years-on-from-fall-of-saigon-witnessing-end-of-vietnam-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501071233/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2015/apr/21/40-years-on-from-fall-of-saigon-witnessing-end-of-vietnam-war |archive-date=1 May 2017 |access-date=14 December 2016 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> and the city came under the control of the [[Vietnamese People's Army]].<ref name=":5" />

<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" heights="130" perrow="3" caption="''Gallery of Saigon during the Republic of Vietnam era''">
File:Vietnam Independence Palace 1967.jpg|The [[Independence Palace]] in 1967. It was the [[official residence]] and workplace of the [[Leaders of South Vietnam|President of South Vietnam]].
File:Saigon Opera House, 1967.jpg|The [[Municipal Theatre, Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon Opera House]] as seen from [[Đồng Khởi Street|Tự Do (Liberty) Street]] in 1967.
File:Tu Do Street, Saigon.jpg|Street view of Saigon in 1968.
File:StanVacBuilding1955.jpg|The headquarters of [[Standard Vacuum Oil Company|StanVac]] (now part of [[ExxonMobil|Exxon]]) is an example of Vietnamese modernist architecture which boomed during the era.
</gallery>

===Post–Vietnam War and today===
In July 1976, upon the establishment of the unified [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]], the city of Saigon (including the Cholon area), the province of Gia Ðịnh and two suburban districts of two other nearby provinces were combined to create Ho Chi Minh City, in honour of the late Communist leader Ho Chi Minh.{{refn|The text of the resolution is as follows:
"By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 6th tenure, 1st session, for officially renaming Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City.<br />
The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Considering the boundless love of the people of Saigon – Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him;<br />
Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched in [[Saigon]]–[[Gia Dinh]] City, with several glorious feats, deserves the honour of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh;<br />
After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly's meeting;<br />
Decides to rename Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City."<ref name="hcmgov15jun10" />|group=nb}} At the time, the city covered an area of {{convert|1295.5|km2}} with eight districts and five rurals: [[Thủ Đức (urban district)|Thủ Đức]], [[Hóc Môn District|Hóc Môn]], [[Củ Chi District|Củ Chi]], [[Bình Chánh District|Bình Chánh]], and [[Nhà Bè District|Nhà Bè]].<ref name=":8" /> Since 1978, administrative divisions in the city have been revised numerous times,<ref name=":8" /> most recently in 2020, when [[District 2, Ho Chi Minh City|District 2]], [[District 9, Ho Chi Minh City|District 9]], and [[Thủ Đức (urban district)|Thủ Đức District]] were consolidated to form a [[Thủ Đức|municipal city]].<ref name=":9" />

On 29 October 2002, 60 people died and 90 were injured in the International Trade Center [[Ho Chi Minh City ITC fire|building fire]] in Ho Chi Minh City.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fifteen years on from the horrors of catastrophic blaze that rocked Saigon – VnExpress International |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/projects/fifteen-years-on-from-the-horrors-of-catastrophic-blaze-that-rocked-saigon-3661870/index.html |website=VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam |language=EN}}</ref> Today, Ho Chi Minh City, along with its surrounding provinces, is described as "the manufacturing hub" of Vietnam, and "an attractive business hub".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Truong |first1=Truong Hoang |url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/vietnam/13909.pdf |title=Housing and Transportation in Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh City |last2=Thao |first2=Truong Thanh |last3=Tung |first3=Son Thanh |publisher=Friedrich Ebert Foundation |year=2017 |location=Hanoi |page=2 |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522081213/https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/vietnam/13909.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In terms of cost, it was ranked the 111th-most expensive major city in the world according to a 2020 survey of 209 cities.<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-06-09 |title=Mercer Cost of Living Survey – Worldwide Rankings 2020 |url=https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2020-cost-of-living.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-05-22 |publisher=Mercer |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522081222/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/2020-cost-of-living.html}}</ref> In terms of international connectedness, as of 2020, the city was classified as a "Beta" city by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |access-date=31 August 2020 |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live}}</ref>