Editing History of Vietnam (section)

=== Neolithic ===
Human migration into Vietnam continued during the [[Neolithic]] period, characterized by movements of [[Ancient Southern East Asian]] populations that expanded from [[southern China]] into Vietnam and Southeast Asia. The earliest agricultural societies that cultivated [[millet]] and [[wet-rice]] emerged around 1700 BCE in the lowlands and river floodplains of Vietnam are associated with this Neolithic migration, indicated by the presences of major [[paternal lineages]] that are represented by [[East Eurasian]]-affiliated Y-haplogroups [[Haplogroup O-M175|O]], [[Haplogroup C-M217|C2]], and [[Haplogroup N-M231|N]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang X, Liao S, Qi X, Liu J, Kampuansai J, Zhang H, Yang Z, Serey B, Sovannary T, Bunnath L, Seang Aun H, Samnom H, Kangwanpong D, Shi H, Su B |date=October 2015 |title=Y-chromosome diversity suggests southern origin and Paleolithic backwave migration of Austro-Asiatic speakers from eastern Asia to the Indian subcontinent |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |pages=15486 |bibcode=2015NatSR...515486Z |doi=10.1038/srep15486 |pmc=4611482 |pmid=26482917}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Liu |first1=Dang |title=Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Vietnam reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity |date=2019-11-28 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/857367v1 |access-date=2024-11-14 |language=en |doi=10.1101/857367 |last2=Duong |first2=Nguyen Thuy |last3=Ton |first3=Nguyen Dang |last4=Phong |first4=Nguyen Van |last5=Pakendorf |first5=Brigitte |last6=Hai |first6=Nong Van |last7=Stoneking |first7=Mark|hdl=21.11116/0000-0006-4AD8-4 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Starting from the third millennium BCE, rice farming-based agriculture spread from southern East Asia into Mainland and Insular Southeast Asia.<ref name="Bennett2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=Andrew E. |last2=Liu |first2=Yichen |last3=Fu |first3=Qiaomei |date=4 December 2024 |title=Reconstructing the Human Population History of East Asia through Ancient Genomics |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/reconstructing-the-human-population-history-of-east-asia-through-ancient-genomics/0524D629660B5E43FC7094C043D54C6A |journal=Elements in Ancient East Asia |language=en |doi=10.1017/9781009246675 |isbn=978-1-009-24667-5 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This technological spread was a result of the migration of East Asian agriculturalists that carried [[Ancient Southern East Asian]] ancestry. These Neolithic farmers took two routes: an inland route into [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] carried out by [[Austroasiatic|Austroasiatic speakers]], and a maritime route that originated from [[Taiwan]] by [[Austronesian speakers]].<ref name=Stoneking2023>{{Cite journal |last1=Stoneking |first1=Mark |last2=Arias |first2=Leonardo |last3=Liu |first3=Dang |last4=Oliveira |first4=Sandra |last5=Pugach |first5=Irina |last6=Rodriguez |first6=Jae Joseph Russell B. |display-authors=4 |date=2023 |title=Genomic perspectives on human dispersals during the Holocene |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=e2209475119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2209475119 |doi-access=free |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=9942792 |pmid=36649433|bibcode=2023PNAS..12009475S }}</ref><ref name=Zhang2020>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Ming |last2=Fu |first2=Qiaomei |date=2020 |title=Human evolutionary history in Eastern Eurasia using insights from ancient DNA |journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development |volume=62 |pages=78–84 |doi=10.1016/j.gde.2020.06.009 |pmid=32688244 |s2cid=220671047 |issn=0959-437X}}</ref><ref name=Nägele2022>{{cite journal |first1=Kathrin |last1=Nägele |first2=Maite |last2=Rivollat |first3=He |last3=Yu |first4=Ke |last4=Wang |year=2022 |title=Ancient genomic research - From broad strokes to nuanced reconstructions of the past |journal=Journal of Anthropological Sciences |volume=100 |issue=100 |pages=193–230 |doi=10.4436/jass.10017|pmid=36576953}}</ref> 

In 2018, researchers conducted a genetic analysis on samples taken from two ancient burial sites in [[northern Vietnam]], [[Mán Bạc]] and Núi Nấp, dating from 1,800 BCE and 100 BCE, respectively. The individuals at Mán Bạc show a mix of East Asian farmer and East Eurasian hunter-gatherer ancestry, with close genetic affinity for modern [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] groups like the [[Mlabri people|Mlabri]], the [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese]], and the [[Cambodian people|Cambodians]], while Nui Nap projects close to present-day [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] and [[Dai people|Dai]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Lipson | first1=Mark | last2=Cheronet | first2=Olivia | last3=Mallick | first3=Swapan | last4=Rohland | first4=Nadin | last5=Oxenham | first5=Marc | last6=Pietrusewsky | first6=Michael | last7=Pryce | first7=Thomas Oliver | last8=Willis | first8=Anna | last9=Matsumura | first9=Hirofumi | last10=Buckley | first10=Hallie | last11=Domett | first11=Kate | last12=Hai | first12=Nguyen Giang | last13=Hiep | first13=Trinh Hoang | last14=Kyaw | first14=Aung Aung | last15=Win | first15=Tin Tin | last16=Pradier | first16=Baptiste | last17=Broomandkhoshbacht | first17=Nasreen | last18=Candilio | first18=Francesca | last19=Changmai | first19=Piya | last20=Fernandes | first20=Daniel | last21=Ferry | first21=Matthew | last22=Gamarra | first22=Beatriz | last23=Harney | first23=Eadaoin | last24=Kampuansai | first24=Jatupol | last25=Kutanan | first25=Wibhu | last26=Michel | first26=Megan | last27=Novak | first27=Mario | last28=Oppenheimer | first28=Jonas | last29=Sirak | first29=Kendra | last30=Stewardson | first30=Kristin | last31=Zhang | first31=Zhao | last32=Flegontov | first32=Pavel | last33=Pinhasi | first33=Ron | last34=Reich | first34=David | title=Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory | journal=Science | publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) | date=2018-05-17 | issn=0036-8075 | doi=10.1126/science.aat3188 |biorxiv=10.1101/278374 | pmc=6476732 | pmid=29773666 | volume=361 | issue=6397 | pages=92–95 | bibcode=2018Sci...361...92L }}</ref> A 2018 study by [[George van Driem]] et al. demonstrated that East Asian farmers intermixed with the native inhabitants and contrary to popular opinion, did not replace them. These farmers also shared ancestry with present-day Austroasiatic-speaking hill tribes themselves.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McColl |first1=Hugh |last2=Racimo |first2=Fernando |last3=Vinner |first3=Lasse |last4=Demeter |first4=Fabrice |last5=Gakuhari |first5=Takashi |last6=Moreno-Mayar |first6=J. Víctor |last7=van Driem |first7=George |last8=Gram Wilken |first8=Uffe |last9=Seguin-Orlando |first9=Andaine |last10=de la Fuente Castro |first10=Constanza |last11=Wasef |first11=Sally |last12=Shoocongdej |first12=Rasmi |last13=Souksavatdy |first13=Viengkeo |last14=Sayavongkhamdy |first14=Thongsa |last15=Saidin |first15=Mohd Mokhtar |year=2018 |title=The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia |journal=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) |volume=361 |issue=6397 |pages=88–92 |bibcode=2018Sci...361...88M |doi=10.1126/science.aat3628 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=29976827 |s2cid=206667111 |hdl-access=free |last16=Allentoft |first16=Morten E. |last17=Sato |first17=Takehiro |last18=Malaspinas |first18=Anna-Sapfo |last19=Aghakhanian |first19=Farhang A. |last20=Korneliussen |first20=Thorfinn |hdl=10072/383365|url=https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/5420ab64-ae26-43a7-98dc-9d08834807fc }}</ref> 

The [[Cham people]], who for over one thousand years settled in [[Champa|controlled and civilized]] present-day central and southern coastal Vietnam from around the 2nd century AD, are of Austronesian origin. The southernmost sector of Vietnam, the Mekong Delta and its surroundings were, until the 18th century, of integral yet shifting significance within the Austroasiatic [[Proto-Khmeric language|Proto-Khmer]] – and [[Khmer people|Khmer]] principalities like [[Funan]], [[Chenla]], the [[Khmer Empire]] and the Khmer kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0b-6wpalR40C&pg=PA102|page=102|title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Volume One, Part One |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66369-4 |last1=Tarling |first1=Nicholas |year=1999 }}</ref><ref name="Simanjuntak2017">{{cite book|first1=Truman|last1=Simanjuntak|editor1-first= Philip J.|editor1-last= Piper, Hirofumi Matsumura and David Bulbeck|editor2-first= Hirofumi |editor2-last=Matsumura |editor3-first= David |editor3-last=Bulbeck|title =New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory|chapter =The Western Route Migration: A Second Probable Neolithic Diffusion to Indonesia|publisher =ANU Press|series =terra australis|volume=45|year =2017|isbn =978-1-76046-095-2|chapter-url =http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2320/html/ch11.xhtml?referer=&page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Blench%20Springer%20Handbook%20chapter%20final%20Dec%202014.pdf |title=Origins of Ethnolinguistic Identity in Southeast Asia |publisher=Roger Blench |access-date=5 March 2019}}</ref>

==== Way of life ====
Situated on the southeast edge of monsoon Asia, much of ancient Vietnam enjoyed a combination of high rainfall, humidity, heat, favorable winds, and fertile soil. These natural sources combined to generate an unusually prolific growth of rice and other plants and wildlife. This region's agricultural villages held well over 90 percent of the population. The high volume of rainy season water required villagers to concentrate their labor in managing floods, transplanting rice, and harvesting. These activities produced a cohesive village life with a religion in which one of the core values was the desire to live in harmony with nature and with other people. The way of life, centered in harmony, featured many enjoyable aspects that the people held beloved, typified by not needing many material things, the enjoyment of music and poetry, and living in harmony with nature.<ref>Trần Ngọc Thêm (2016). Hệ Giá Trị Việt Nam từ Truyền thống đến Hiện Đại và con đường tới tương lai. Thành Phố Hồ Chí Minh: NXB Văn hóa – Văn nghê, pp. 153–80, 204–205. Well over 90 percent rural. Trần Ngọc Thêm, Hệ Giá Trị Việt Nam từ Truyền thống đến Hiện Đại và con đường tới tương lai, p. 138</ref>

Fishing and hunting supplemented the main rice crop. Arrowheads and spears were dipped in poison to kill larger animals such as elephants. [[Betel nuts]] were widely chewed and the lower classes rarely wore clothing more substantial than a loincloth. Every spring, a fertility festival was held which featured huge parties and sexual abandon.