Editing History of Tuvalu (section)

==Scientific expeditions & travellers==
[[File:Tuvaluwoman1894.jpg|400px|right|thumb|A portrait of a woman on [[Funafuti]] in 1894 by Count Rudolf Festetics de Tolna.]]
[[File:The atoll of Funafuti; borings into a coral reef and the results, being the report of the Coral Reef Committee of the Royal Society (1904) (14765813295).jpg|250px|right|thumb|The atoll of Funafuti; borings into a coral reef and the results, being the report of the Coral Reef Committee of the Royal Society (1904).]]
[[File:Main Street in Funafuti(GN00313).jpg|250px|right|thumb|Main Street in Funafuti, (circa 1905).]]
The [[United States Exploring Expedition]], under Charles Wilkes, visited [[Funafuti]], [[Nukufetau]] and [[Vaitupu]] in 1841.<ref name=Tyler>{{cite book|last1=Tyler|first1=David B.|title=The First United States Exploring Expedition (1838–42)|date=1968|publisher=American Philosophical Society, ASIN: B000GPF7CK|location=Philadelphia}}</ref><ref name=Stanton>{{cite book|last1=Stanton|first1=William|title=The Great United States Exploring Expedition|date=1975|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0520025571|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatunitedstate00will/page/240 240]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/greatunitedstate00will/page/240}}</ref> During the visit, [[Alfred Thomas Agate]], engraver and illustrator, recorded the clothing and [[tattoo]] patterns of men of Nukufetau.<ref name="smith">{{cite book |first=Charles|last=Wilkes|title =Ellice's and Kingsmill's Group|url=http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/|publisher=The First United States Exploring Expedition (1838–42) [[Smithsonian Institution]]|page= Vol. 5, Ch. 2 pp. 35–75}}</ref>

In 1885 or 1886, the New Zealand photographer [[Thomas Andrew (photographer)|Thomas Andrew]] visited Funafuti<ref name="AT2">{{cite web| last =Andrew | first =Thomas |title= Washing Hole Funafuti. From the album: Views in the Pacific Islands|publisher= Collection of Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa)|year =1886 |url= http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?irn=1238498| access-date=10 April 2014}}</ref> and [[Nui (atoll)|Nui]].<ref name="AT3">{{cite web| last =Andrew | first =Thomas |title= Mission House Nui. From the album: Views in the Pacific Islands|publisher= Collection of Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa)|year =1886 |url= http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?irn=1238504| access-date=10 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="AT4">{{cite web| last =Andrew | first =Thomas |title= Bread fruit tree Nui. From the album: Views in the Pacific Islands|publisher= Collection of Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa)|year =1886 |url= http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?irn=1238500| access-date=10 April 2014}}</ref>

In 1890 [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], his wife [[Fanny Van de Grift|Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson]], and her son [[Lloyd Osbourne]] sailed on the ''Janet Nicoll'', a trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland, New Zealand, which operated between Sydney, Auckland and into the central Pacific. The ''Janet Nicoll'' visited three of the Ellice Islands; while Fanny records that they made landfall at [[Funafuti]], [[Niutao]] and [[Nanumea]]; however Jane Resture suggests that it was more likely they landed at Nukufetau rather than Funafuti,<ref name=RSL>{{cite web|title=The Tuvalu Visit of Robert Louis Stevenson|url=http://www.janeresture.com/index.htm |publisher= Jane Resture’s Oceania |access-date=20 December 2001|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051215064230/http://www.janeresture.com/index.htm |archive-date=15 December 2005}}</ref> as Fanny describes meeting [[Alfred Restieaux]] and his wife Litia; however they had been living on [[Nukufetau]] since the 1880s.<ref name="AR1"/><ref name="AR2"/> An account of the voyage was written by Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and published under the title ''The Cruise of the Janet Nichol'',<ref name="RJ4">{{cite book|last= A Diary by Mrs Robert Louis Stevenson  |title = The Cruise of the Janet Nichol among the South Sea Islands|publisher= ' (first published 1914). Roslyn Jolly (editor) republished 2004 by U. of Washington Press/U. of New South Wales Press }}</ref>{{#tag:ref|''Janet Nicoll'' is the correct spelling of the trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland, New Zealand, which operated between Sydney, Auckland and into the central Pacific. Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson miss-names the ship as the ''Janet Nicol'' in her account of the 1890 voyage.|group=Note}} together with photographs taken by Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne.

In 1894 Count Rudolf [[Festetics family|Festetics]] de Tolna,<ref name="FEST">{{cite web|title=Festetics de Tolna family tree| url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/hung/festet2.html |access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> his wife Eila (née Haggin) and her daughter Blanche Haggin visited Funafuti aboard the yacht ''Le Tolna''.<ref>Festetics De Tolna, Comte Rodolphe, ''Chez les cannibales: huit ans de croisière dans l'océan Pacifique à bord du'', Paris : Plon-Nourrit, 1903</ref><ref name="QBFR">{{cite book |title= "The Aristocrat and His Cannibals" Count Festetics von Tolna's travels in Oceania, 1893–1896 |publisher= musée du quai Branly|date=2007}}</ref> ''Le Tolna'' spent several days at Funafuti with the Count photographing men and women on Funafuti.<ref name="NMK">{{cite web|title= Néprajzi Múzeum Könyvtára|url= http://www.neprajz.hu |publisher= The library of the Ethnographic Museum of Hungary|access-date=20 September 2011}}</ref>

The boreholes on Funafuti at the site now called ''Darwin's Drill'',<ref name="PDN">{{cite book|last1=Lal|first1=Andrick|title=South Pacific Sea Level & Climate Monitoring Project – Funafuti atoll|url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/oip/FinalReport/Annex/3_Survey%20LDP/Survey_Diagrams_JPACE-TV.pdf|publisher=SPC Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC Division of SPC)|pages=35 & 40|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203011855/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/oip/FinalReport/Annex/3_Survey%20LDP/Survey_Diagrams_JPACE-TV.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> are the result of drilling conducted by the [[Royal Society of London]] for the purpose of investigating the [[formation of coral reefs]] and the question as to whether traces of shallow water organisms could be found at depth in the [[coral]] of Pacific [[atolls]]. This investigation followed the work on [[The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs]] conducted by [[Charles Darwin]] in the Pacific. Drilling occurred in 1896, 1897 and 1911. In 1896 Professor [[Edgeworth David]] of the [[University of Sydney]] went to the Pacific atoll of Funafuti as part of the ''Funafuti Coral Reef Boring Expedition of the Royal Society'', under [[William Johnson Sollas|Professor William Sollas]].<ref name="MrsDavid">{{cite book |last1= David, Mrs Edgeworth  |authorlink1= |title= Funafuti or Three Months on a Coral Atoll: an unscientific account of a scientific expedition |url= |format= |accessdate=  |year=1899|publisher= John Murray |location= London |language= |isbn=|oclc= |doi= |id= |page= |pages=|chapter= |quote= |bibcode= }}</ref> There were defects in the boring machinery and the bore penetrated only slightly more than 100 feet (approx. 31&nbsp;m).

Prof. Sollas published a report on the study of Funafuti atoll,<ref name="JSW">{{cite journal |author= Sollas, William J. |title= Funafati: the study of a coral atoll|journal= Natural Science|volume= 14|year= 1899 |pages=17–37 }}</ref>  and [[Charles Hedley]], a naturalist, at the [[Australian Museum]], collected [[Invertebrate]] and [[Ethnological]] objects on Funafuti. The descriptions of these were published in ''Memoir III of the Australian Museum Sydney'' between 1896 and 1900. Hedley also write the ''General Account of the Atoll of Funafuti'',<ref name="CH1">{{cite book |last1= Hedley |first1= Charles |title= General account of the Atoll of Funafuti |url= http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16686/487_complete.pdf |year= 1896 |publisher= Australian Museum Memoir 3(2): 1–72 |access-date= 28 September 2013 |archive-date= 15 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131015112253/http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16686/487_complete.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> ''The Ethnology of Funafuti''<ref name="CH2">{{cite book |last1= Hedley |first1= Charles|title= The ethnology of Funafuti |url= http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16696/497_complete.pdf |year= 1897 |publisher= Australian Museum Memoir 3(4): 227–304}}</ref> and ''The Mollusca of Funafuti''.<ref>Denis Fairfax, '[http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090259b.htm Hedley, Charles (1862–1926)]', ''[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]'', Volume 9, Melbourne University Press, 1983, pp 252–253. Retrieved 5 May 2013</ref><ref name="Serle">{{Dictionary of Australian Biography|First=Charles|Last=Hedley|shortlink=0-dict-biogHa-He.html#hedley1|access-date=5 May 2013}}</ref> [[Edgar Ravenswood Waite|Edgar Waite]] also was part of the 1896 expedition and published an account of ''The mammals, reptiles, and fishes of Funafuti''.<ref name="ERW">{{cite book |last1= Waite |first1= Edgar R. |title= The mammals, reptiles, and fishes of Funafuti |url= http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16695/494_complete.pdf |year= 1897 |publisher= Australian Museum Memoir 3(3): 165–202 |access-date= 28 September 2013 |archive-date= 9 September 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160909015549/http://australianmuseum.net.au/uploads/journals/16695/494_complete.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> [[William Joseph Rainbow|William Rainbow]] described the spiders and insects collected at Funafuti in ''The insect fauna of Funafuti''.<ref name="WJR">{{cite book |last1= Rainbow |first1= William J. |title= The insect fauna of Funafuti |url= http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16690/490_complete.pdf |year= 1897 |publisher= Australian Museum Memoir 3(1): 89–104 |access-date= 28 September 2013 |archive-date= 9 September 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160909015505/http://australianmuseum.net.au/uploads/journals/16690/490_complete.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref>

In 1897 Edgeworth David led a second expedition (that included [[George Sweet]] as second-in-command, and [[Walter George Woolnough]]) which succeeded in reaching a depth of {{convert|557|ft|m}}. David then organised a third expedition in 1898 which, under the leadership of Dr. [[Alfred Edmund Finckh]], was successful in deepening the bore to {{convert|1114|ft|m}}.<ref name="SMH1897">{{cite news |url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16695/494_complete.pdf |title=The Funafuti Coral-Boring Expedition, Address by Professor David |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=11 December 1897 |access-date=20 June 2012 |page=6 |archive-date=9 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909015549/http://australianmuseum.net.au/uploads/journals/16695/494_complete.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17092086 |title=TO THE EDITOR OF THE HERALD. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=11 September 1934 |access-date=20 June 2012 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The results provided support for [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of subsidence.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article9782421 |title=CORAL FORMATION. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=10 December 1897 |access-date=19 June 2012 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Cara Edgeworth accompanied her husband on the second expedition and published a well-received account called ''Funafuti, or Three Months on a Coral Island''.<ref name="MrsDavid"/> Photographers on the expeditions recorded people, communities and scenes at Funafuti.<ref name="USydL">{{cite web|title= Photography Collection|url= http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/|publisher= University of Sydney Library|access-date= 20 September 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110925165211/http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/|archive-date= 25 September 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref>

[[Harry Clifford Fassett]], captain's clerk and photographer, recorded people, communities and scenes at Funafuti in 1900 during a visit of [[USS Albatross (1882)|USFC ''Albatross'']] when the [[United States Fish Commission]] were investigating the [[formation of coral reefs]] on Pacific [[atoll]]s.<ref name="NARA">{{cite web|title=National Archives & Records Administration|url=https://www.archives.gov|publisher= Records of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S.|access-date=20 September 2011}}</ref>