Editing History of Spain (section)

==Gothic Hispania (5th–8th centuries)==
{{see also|Spain in the Middle Ages#Early medieval Spain}}
{{Further|Visigothic Kingdom|Suebic Kingdom of Galicia|Spania}}
[[File:Visigothic Kingdom.png|thumb|right|The greatest extent of the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] of [[Toulouse]], c. 500, showing Territory lost after [[Battle of Vouillé|Vouillé]] in light orange]]

The first [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] to invade Hispania arrived in the 5th&nbsp;century, as the [[Decline of the Roman Empire|Roman Empire decayed]].{{sfn|Payne|1973a|loc=[http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm  Chapter 1 Ancient Hispania ] }} The [[Visigoths]], [[Suebi]], [[Vandals]] and [[Alans]] arrived in Hispania by crossing the Pyrenees mountain range, leading to the establishment of the [[Suebi#Kingdom in Gallaecia|Suebi Kingdom]] in [[Gallaecia]], in the northwest and the [[Vandal]] Kingdom of [[Vandalusia]] (Andalusia). The [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanized]] Visigoths entered Hispania in 415. After the conversion of their monarchy to [[Roman Catholicism]] and after conquering the disordered Suebic territories in the northwest and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] territories in the southeast, the [[Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo]] eventually encompassed a great part of the peninsula.<ref name="country" />{{sfn|Collins|2004}}

As Rome declined, [[Germanic tribes]] invaded the former empire. Some were ''[[foederati]]'', tribes enlisted to serve in Roman armies and given land as payment, while others, such as the [[Vandals]], took advantage of the empire's weakening defenses to plunder. Those tribes that survived took over existing Roman institutions, and created successor-kingdoms to the Romans in various parts of Europe. Hispania was taken over by the [[Visigoths]] after 410.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Carr|first=Karen Eva|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1110482019|title=Vandals to Visigoths : rural settlement patterns in early Medieval Spain|date=2002|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-10891-3|oclc=1110482019}}</ref>

At the same time, there was a process of "Romanization" of the Germanic and [[Huns#Unified Empire under Attila|Hunnic]] tribes. The Visigoths, for example, were converted to [[Arianism|Arian Christianity]] around 360, even before they were pushed into imperial territory by the expansion of the [[Huns]].{{sfn|Smith|1965|pp=[https://archive.org/details/spainmodernhisto00smit/page/13 13]–15}}

The Visigoths, having [[Sack of Rome (410)|sacked Rome]] two years earlier, arrived in Gaul in 412, founding the Visigothic kingdom of [[Toulouse]] (in the south of modern France) and gradually expanded their influence into Hispania after the battle of Vouillé (507) at the expense of the Vandals and Alans, who moved on into North Africa without leaving much permanent mark on Hispanic culture. The [[Visigoths#Visigothic kingdom in Hispania|Visigothic Kingdom]] shifted its capital to [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] and reached a high point during the reign of [[Leovigild]].

=== Visigothic rule ===
{{main|Visigothic Kingdom}}
[[File:El rey Don Rodrigo arengando a sus tropas en la batalla de Guadalete (Museo del Prado).jpg|thumb|Visigothic King [[Roderic]] haranguing his troops before the [[Battle of Guadalete]]]]
The [[Visigothic Kingdom]] conquered all of Hispania and ruled it until the early 8th century, when the peninsula fell to the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]]. Hispania never saw a decline in interest in classical culture to the degree observable in Britain, Gaul, and Germany. The Visigoths, having assimilated Roman culture and language during their tenure as ''foederati'', maintained more of the old Roman institutions. They had a unique respect for legal codes that resulted in continuous frameworks and historical records for most of the period between 415, when Visigothic rule in Hispania began, and 711 when it is traditionally said to end.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Las fuentes del Derecho Visigodo (I)|department=Derecho UNED|url=https://derecho.isipedia.com/primero/historia-del-derecho-espanol/parte-4-la-espana-visigoda/10-las-fuentes-del-derecho-visigodo-i|access-date=2022-08-17|website=isipedia.com|archive-date=2021-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924145828/http://derecho.isipedia.com/primero/historia-del-derecho-espanol/parte-4-la-espana-visigoda/10-las-fuentes-del-derecho-visigodo-i|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The [[Visigothic Code|''Liber Iudiciorum'']] or Lex Visigothorum (654), also known as the Book of Judges, which [[Recceswinth]] promulgated, based on Roman law and Germanic customary laws, brought about legal unification. According to the historian Joseph O'Callaghan, at that time they already considered themselves one people and together with the Hispano-Gothic nobility they called themselves the ''gens Gothorum''.<ref name="O'Callaghan2013">{{cite book|first=Joseph F.|last=O'Callaghan|title=A History of Medieval Spain|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=cq2dDgAAQBAJ|page=176}}|date=2013|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-6872-8|page=176}}</ref> In the early Middle Ages, the ''Liber Iudiciorum'' was known as the Visigothic Code and also as the ''[[Fuero Juzgo]]''. Its influence on law extends to the present.

The proximity of the Visigothic kingdoms to the Mediterranean and the continuity (though reduced) of western Mediterranean trade supported Visigothic culture. The Visigothic ruling class looked to [[Constantinople]] for style and technology.

Spanish Catholicism also coalesced during this time. The period of rule by the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] saw the spread of [[Arianism]] briefly in Hispania.{{sfn|Smith|1965|pp=16–17}} The [[Councils of Toledo]] debated creed and liturgy in orthodox [[Catholicism]], and the Council of Lerida in 546 constrained the clergy and extended the power of law over them with the approval of the Pope. In 587, the Visigothic king at Toledo, [[Reccared]], converted to Catholicism and launched a movement to unify the various religious doctrines in Hispania.

The Visigoths inherited from Late Antiquity a [[feudal|prefeudal]] system in Hispania,<ref name="O'Callaghan201356">{{cite book|first=Joseph F.|last=O'Callaghan|title=A History of Medieval Spain|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=cq2dDgAAQBAJ|page=56}}|date=2013|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-6872-8|page=56}}</ref> based in the south on the Roman [[villa]] system and in the north drawing on their vassals to supply troops in exchange for protection. The bulk of the Visigothic army was composed of slaves. The loose council of nobles that advised Hispania's Visigothic kings and legitimized their rule was responsible for raising the army, and only upon its consent was the king able to summon soldiers.

The economy of the Visigothic kingdom depended primarily on agriculture and animal husbandry; there is little evidence of Visigothic commerce and industry.<ref name="Brittannica2020">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Spain – The Visigothic kingdom|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-Visigothic-kingdom|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref>
The native Hispani maintained the cultural and economic life of Hispania and were responsible for the relative prosperity of the 6th and 7th centuries. Administration was still based on Roman law, and only gradually did Visigothic customs and Roman common law merge.{{sfn|Payne|1973a|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190224055703/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/53ae/6f5f58813a4490805f333b99e24c20e329e5.pdf Ancient Hispania, p. 7]}}

The Visigoths did not, until the period of Muslim rule, intermarry with the Spanish population, and the Visigothic language had a limited impact on the modern languages of Iberia.{{sfn|Collins|2004|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}} The historian Joseph F. O'Callaghan says that at the end of the Visigothic era the assimilation of Hispano-Romans and Visigoths was occurring rapidly, and the leaders of society were beginning to see themselves as one people.<ref name="O'Callaghan2013"/> Little literature in the Gothic language remains from the period of Visigothic rule—only translations of parts of the Greek Bible and a few fragments of other documents have survived.<ref name="Murdoch2004">{{cite book|first=Brian|last=Murdoch|title=[[Early Germanic Literature and Culture]]|chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=YWFIw6LZhq0C|page=149}}|editor1=William Whobrey|editor2=Brian Murdoch|editor3=James N. Hardin|editor4=Malcolm Kevin Read|year=2004|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=978-1-57113-199-7|page=149|chapter=Gothic}}</ref>

The Hispano-Romans found Visigothic rule and its early embrace of the Arian heresy more of a threat than Islam, and shed their thralldom to the Visigoths only in the 8th century, with the aid of the Muslims themselves.<ref name="Pannenberg1991">{{cite book|first=Wolfhart|last=Pannenberg|title=Systematic Theology|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=eFTqvoic7gsC|page=512}}|year=1991|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-3708-0|page=512}}</ref> The most visible effect of Visigothic rule was the depopulation of the cities as their inhabitants moved to the countryside. Even while the country enjoyed a degree of prosperity when compared to France and Germany, the Visigoths felt little reason to contribute to the welfare, permanency, and infrastructure of their people and state. This contributed to their downfall, as they could not count on the loyalty of their subjects when the [[Moors]] arrived in the 8th century.{{sfn|Collins|2004|p={{page needed|date=July 2021}}}}

=== Goldsmithery in Visigothic Hispania ===
[[File:Corona de (29049230050).jpg|thumb|upright|Detail of the [[votive crown]] of [[Recceswinth]] from the [[Treasure of Guarrazar]], (Toledo-Spain) hanging in Madrid. The hanging letters spell '''''[R]ECCESVINTHVS REX OFFERET''''' [King R. offers this].{{Efn|The first R is held at the [[Musée de Cluny]], Paris}} ]]
In Spain, an important collection of Visigothic metalwork  was found in [[Guadamur]], known as the [[Treasure of Guarrazar]]. This [[Archaeology|archeological]] find comprises twenty-six [[votive crown]]s and gold [[cross]]es from the royal workshop in Toledo, with signs of Byzantine influence.
* Two important votive crowns are those of [[Recceswinth]] and of [[Suintila]], displayed in the National Archaeological Museum of Madrid; both are made of gold, encrusted with sapphires, pearls, and other precious stones. Suintila's crown was stolen in 1921 and never recovered. There are several other small crowns and many votive crosses in the treasure.
* The aquiliform (eagle-shaped) [[Fibula (brooch)|fibulae]] that have been discovered in [[necropolis]]es such as [[Duratón, Segovia|Duraton]], [[Madrona (Segovia)|Madrona]] or Castiltierra cities of [[Segovia]]. These fibulae were used individually or in pairs, as clasps or pins in gold, bronze and glass to join clothes.
* The Visigothic belt buckles, a symbol of rank and status characteristic of Visigothic women's clothing, are also notable as works of goldsmithery. Some pieces contain exceptional [[Byzantine art|Byzantine-style]] [[lapis lazuli]] inlays and are generally rectangular in shape, with copper alloy, garnets and glass.{{sfn|The Metropolitan Museum of Art, "Belt Buckle 550–600"}}{{efn|Important findings have also been made in the Visigothic [[necropolis]] of Castiltierra ([[Segovia]]) in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|work=National Archaeological Museum-Museo Arqueológico Nacional of Spain|url=http://www.man.es/man/dam/jcr:eb7fea42-15c8-4b6b-b18c-4d940b2656a5/2018-castiltierra-ii.pdf|title=La necrópolis de época visigoda de Castiltierra (Segovia) Excavaciones dirigidas por E. Camps y J. M.a de Navascués, 1932–1935 Materiales conservados en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional}}</ref>}}

===Architecture of Visigothic Hispania===
{{main|Visigothic art and architecture}}
[[File:SanPedroNave1.jpg|thumb|Visigothic church, San Pedro de la Nave. Zamora. Spain]]
During their governance of Hispania, the Visigoths built several churches in the [[basilica]]l or [[cruciform]] style that survive, including the churches of  [[San Pedro de la Nave]] in El Campillo, [[Santa María de Melque]] in [[San Martín de Montalbán]], Santa Lucía del Trampal in Alcuéscar, Santa Comba in Bande, and [[Hermitage of Santa María de Lara|Santa María de Lara]] in Quintanilla de las Viñas.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} The  Visigothic [[crypt]] (the Crypt of San Antolín) in the [[Palencia Cathedral]] is a Visigothic chapel from the mid 7th century, built during the reign of [[Wamba (king)|Wamba]] to preserve the remains of the martyr [[Antoninus of Pamiers|Saint Antoninus of Pamiers]]. These are the only remains of the Visigothic cathedral of Palencia.{{sfn|Salvador Conejo, ''Cripta visigoda de San Antolín''}}

[[Reccopolis]], located near the tiny modern village of [[Zorita de los Canes]], is an archaeological site of one of at least four cities founded in [[Hispania]] by the Visigoths. It is the only city in Western Europe  to have been founded between the fifth and eighth centuries.{{efn|According to E. A Thompson, "The Barbarian Kingdoms in Gaul and Spain", ''Nottingham Mediaeval Studies'', '''7''' (1963:4n11), the others were (i) ''Victoriacum'', founded by Leovigild and may survive as the city of [[Vitoria-Gasteiz|Vitoria]], but a twelfth-century foundation for this city is given in contemporary sources, (ii) ''Lugo id est Luceo'' in the [[Asturias]], referred to by [[Isidore of Seville]], and (iii) ''Ologicus'' (perhaps ''Ologitis''), founded using [[Basques|Basque]] labour in 621 by [[Suinthila]] as a fortification against the Basques, is modern [[Olite]]. All of these cities were founded for military purposes and at least Reccopolis, Victoriacum, and Ologicus in celebration of victory. A possible fifth Visigothic foundation is ''Baiyara'' (perhaps modern [[Montoro]]), mentioned as founded by Reccared in the fifteenth-century geographical account, ''[[Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar]]'', cf. José María Lacarra, "Panorama de la historia urbana en la Península Ibérica desde el siglo V al X," ''La città nell'alto medioevo'', '''6''' (1958:319–358). Reprinted in ''Estudios de alta edad media española'' (Valencia: 1975), pp. 25–90.}} The city's construction was ordered by the Visigothic king [[Liuvigild]] to honor his son [[Reccared II|Reccared]] and to serve as Reccared's seat as co-king in the Visigothic province of [[Celtiberia]].{{sfn|Collins|2004|pp=55–56}}

===Religion===
{{further|History of Roman Catholicism in Spain#Visigoths}}
At the beginning of the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], [[Arianism]] was the official religion in Hispania, but only for a brief time, according to historian Rhea Marsh Smith.{{sfn|Smith|1965|pp=16–17}} In 587, [[Reccared]], the Visigothic king at Toledo, converted to Catholicism and launched a movement to unify the religious doctrines that existed in the Iberian Peninsula. The [[Councils of Toledo]] debated the creed and liturgy of orthodox [[Catholicism]], and the Council of Lerida in 546 constrained the clergy and extended the power of law over them with the approval of the pope.

While the Visigoths clung to their Arian faith, the [[Jews]] were well-tolerated. Previous Roman and Byzantine law determined their status, and already sharply discriminated against them.{{sfn|Graetz|1894|p=44}} Historian Jane Gerber relates that some of the Jews "held ranking posts in the government or the army; others were recruited and organized for garrison service; still others continued to hold senatorial rank".{{sfn|Gerber|1992|p=9}} In general, they were well-respected and well-treated by the Visigothic kings, until their transition from Arianism to Catholicism.{{sfn|Roth|1994|pp=35–40}} Conversion to Catholicism across Visigothic society reduced the friction between the Visigoths and the Hispano-Roman population.{{sfn|Waldman|Mason|2006|p=847}} However, the Visigothic conversion negatively impacted the Jews, who came under scrutiny for their religious practices.{{sfn|Collins|2000|pp=59–60}}