Editing History of Lesotho (section)

==Basutoland==
{{see also|Basutoland}}
[[File:King Moshoeshoe of the Basotho with his ministers.jpg|thumb|upright|King Moshoeshoe I with his Ministers.]]

===Free State–Basotho Wars===
{{Main|Free State–Basotho Wars}}

In 1818, [[Moshoeshoe I]] {{IPAc-en|m|oʊ-|ˈ|ʃ|w|eɪ|ʃ|w|eɪ}} consolidated various Basotho groupings and became their king. During Moshoeshoe's reign (1823–1870), a series of wars (1856–68) were fought with the [[Boers]] who had settled in traditional Basotho lands.  These wars resulted in the extensive loss of land, now known as the "Lost Territory".

A treaty was signed with the Boers of [[Griqualand]] in 1843 and an agreement was made with the British in 1853 following a minor war. The disputes with the Boers over land, however, were revived in 1858 with [[Senekal's War]] and again, more seriously, in 1865 with the [[Seqiti War]]. The Boers had several military successes, killing possibly 1,500 Basotho soldiers, and annexed an expanse of [[arable land]] which they were able to retain following a treaty at [[Thaba Bosiu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Basotho Wars 1858 - 1868 |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/basotho-wars-1858-1868 |website=South African History Online (SAHO) |access-date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103152425/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/basotho-wars-1858-1868 |url-status=live }}</ref>  Further conflict led to an unsuccessful attack on Thaba Bosiu and the death of a Boer commandant, [[Louw Wepener]], but by 1867, much of Moshoeshoe's land and most of his fortresses had been taken.<ref name="About">[http://www.gov.ls/about/default.php About Lesotho] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130161424/http://www.gov.ls/about/default.php |date=2016-01-30 }}, Government of Lesotho</ref>

Fearing defeat, Moshoeshoe made further appeals to [[List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to South Africa|High Commissioner]] [[Philip Wodehouse (colonial administrator)|Philip Wodehouse]] for British assistance.<ref name="About"/> On 12 March 1868, the British Cabinet agreed to place the territory under British protection and the Boers were ordered to leave. In February 1869, the British and the Boers agreed to the Convention of Aliwal North, which defined the boundaries of the protectorate.<ref name="About"/>  The arable land west of the [[Caledon River]] remained in Boer's hands and is referred to as the Lost or Conquered Territory. Moshoeshoe died in 1870 and was buried atop Thaba Bosiu.

===Annexation by the Cape Colony===
In 1871 the protectorate was annexed to the [[Cape Colony]]. The Basotho resisted the British and in 1879 a southern chief, [[Morosi|Moorosi]], rose in revolt. His campaign was crushed, and he was killed in the fighting. The Basotho then began to fight amongst themselves over the division of Moorosi's lands. The British extended the Cape Peace Preservation Act of 1878 to cover Basutoland and attempted to disarm the natives. Much of the colony rose in revolt in the [[Gun War]] (1880-1881), inflicting significant casualties upon the colonial British forces sent to subdue it.  A peace treaty of 1881 failed to quell sporadic fighting.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kagan|first=Douglas|date=1973-07-01|title=The Basuto rebellion, civil war and reconstruction, 1880-1884|url=https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/441|journal=Student Work}}</ref>

===Return to crown colony===
{{further|Basutoland}}
[[File:SouthAfrica1885.jpg|thumb|right|South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland in 1885.]]

Cape Town's inability to control the territory led to its return to crown control in 1884 as the [[Territory of Basutoland]]. The colony was bound by the [[Orange River Colony]], [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|Natal Colony]], and [[Cape Colony]]. It was divided into seven administrative districts: [[Berea District|Berea]], [[Leribe District|Leribe]], [[Maseru]], [[Mohale's Hoek District|Mohale's Hoek]], [[Mafeteng]], [[Qacha's Nek]] and [[Quthing]]. The colony was ruled by the [[Basutoland#List of British Resident Commissioners|British Resident Commissioner]], who worked through the ''pits'' (national assembly) of hereditary native chiefs under one paramount chief. Each chief ruled a ward within the territory. The first paramount chief was Lerothodi, the son of Moshoeshoe. During the [[Second Boer War]] the colony was neutral. The population grew from around 125,000 in 1875, to 310,000 in 1901, and 349,000 by 1904.

When the [[Union of South Africa]] was founded in 1910 the colony was still controlled by the British and moves were made to transfer it to the Union. However, the people of Basutoland opposed this and it did not occur.

During [[World War I]], over 4,500 Basuto enlisted into the military, most of whom served in the [[South African Native Labour Corps]] which fought on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. In 1916, Basutoland raised over £40,000 for the war effort. A year later, the troopship [[SS Mendi]] was sunk off the coast of the [[Isle of Wight]], and over 100 Basuto were killed in the sinking.{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|pp=403–404}}

The differing fates of the seSotho-speaking peoples in the Protectorate of Basotholand and in the lands that became the Orange Free State are worth noting.  The Orange Free State became a [[Boer]]-ruled territory.  At the end of the Boer War, it was colonized by the British, and this colony was subsequently incorporated by Britain into the Union of South Africa as one of four provinces.  It is still part of the modern-day [[Republic of South Africa]], now known as the [[Free State (province)|Free State]].  In contrast, Basotholand, along with the two other British Protectorates in the sub-Saharan region ([[Bechuanaland]] and [[Swaziland]]), was precluded from incorporation into the Union of South Africa.  These protectorates were individually brought to independence by Britain in the 1960s.  By becoming a protectorate, Basotholand, and its inhabitants were not subjected to Afrikaner rule, which saved them from experiencing [[Apartheid]], and so generally prospered under more benevolent British rule.  Basotho residents of Basotholand had access to better health services and education and came to experience greater political emancipation through independence.  These lands protected by the British, however, had a much smaller capacity to generate income and wealth than had the "lost territory", which had been granted to the Boers.

Following the British entry into [[World War II]], the decision was taken to draw recruits from the High Commission Territories (HTC) of [[Swaziland]], Basutoland, and [[Bechuanaland]]. Black citizens from the HTC were to be recruited into the [[African Auxiliary Pioneer Corps]] (AAPC) [[labor battalion|labor unit]] due to [[Afrikaner]] opposition to armed black units.{{sfn|Shackleton|1997|pp=95–97}} Mobilization for the AAPC was launched in late July 1941 and by October 18,000 personnel had arrived in the Middle East.{{sfn|Sipho Simelane|1993|pp=545–548}} The anti-colonial Basutoland [[Lekhorlu la Bufo]] (Commoner's League) was banned and its leaders were imprisoned for demanding that training for the recruits be improved and encouraging desertion.{{sfn|Sipho Simelane|1993|pp=555–563}}{{sfn|Nombulelo Ntabeni|2008|pp=49–53}}  The AAPC performed a wide range of manual labor, providing logistical support to the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] war effort during the [[North African Campaign|North African]], [[Dodecanese campaign|Dodecanese]] and [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaigns]].{{sfn|Clothier|1991}}{{sfn|Shackleton|1997|pp=215–230}} During the Italian campaign some AAPC relieved British field artillery units of their duty.{{sfn|Shackleton|1997|pp=271–275}}
On 1 May 1943, British troopship [[SS Erinpura|SS ''Erinpura'']] was torpedoed and sunk, resulting in the loss of 694 men from AAPC's 1919th and 1927th Basuto Companies; the unit's worst loss of life during the war.{{sfn|Clothier|1991}} A total of 21,000 Basuto enlisted during the war, 1,105 of whom perished during its course.{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|pp=403–404}} Basuto women also contributed to the war effort by knitting warm clothing for the military.{{sfn|Rosenberg|Weisfelder|Frisbie-Fulton|2004|pp=403–404}}

From 1948, the South African [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] put its [[apartheid]] policies into place, indirectly terminating any support among Basutos and/or UK colonial authorities for the country's incorporation in South Africa.

After a 1955 request by the Basutoland Council to legislate its internal affairs, in 1959 a new constitution gave Basutoland its first elected legislature. This was followed in April 1965 with general legislative elections with universal adult suffrage in which the [[Basotho National Party]] (BNP) won 31 and the [[Basutoland Congress Party]] (BCP) won 25 of the 65 seats contested.