Editing History of Kyrgyzstan (section)

==Mongol domination==
The [[Mongol invasion of Central Asia]] in the 13th century devastated the territory of Kyrgyzstan, costing its people their independence and written language. The son of Genghis Khan, Juche, conquered the Kyrgyz tribes of the Yenisey region, who by this time had become disunited. At the same time, the area of present-day Kyrgyzstan was an essential link in the [[Silk Road]], as attested by several [[Church of the East]] gravestones. For the next 200 years, the Kyrgyz remained under the [[Golden Horde]], [[Chagatai Khanate]] and the [[Oirats]] as well as [[Dzungars]] that succeeded that regime. Freedom was regained in 1510, but Kyrgyz tribes were overrun in the seventeenth century by the Kalmyks, in the mid-eighteenth century by the [[Manchus]], and in the early nineteenth century by the [[Uzbeks]].

The [[Mongol Empire]] (1206-1294/1368) was the largest contiguous empire and the second-largest empire overall in world history. It emerged from the unification of Mongol and Turkic tribes in modern-day [[Mongolia]], and grew through invasion, after [[Genghis Khan]] had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206. The Mongol Empire began to split following the succession war in 1260–1264, with the [[Golden Horde]] and the [[Chagatai Khanate]] being de facto independent and refusing to accept [[Kublai Khan]] (1260–1294) as Khagan. By Kublai's death, the Mongol Empire had already fractured into four separate khanates or empires, each pursuing its interests and objectives. The kagans of the [[Yuan dynasty]] assumed the role of Chinese emperors and fixed their capital at Khanbaliq (modern-day [[Beijing]]) from the old Mongol capital [[Karakorum]]. Although other khanates accepted them as their titular suzerains and sent tributes and some support after the peace treaty in 1304, the three western khanates were virtually independent and continued developing as sovereign states. 

Eventually the Mongol rule in China fell in 1368 and was replaced by the [[Ming dynasty]] though the Genghisid [[Borjigin dynasty]] survived in Mongolia until the 17th century. [[Temujin]], the son of a Mongol chieftain, who suffered a difficult childhood, united the nomadic, previously ever-rivaling Mongol-Turkic tribes under his rule through political manipulation and military might. In 1203–1205, the Mongols under Temujin destroyed all the remaining rival tribes (Kereyd, Merkits) and brought them under his sway. In 1206, Temujin was crowned as the Kagan of the Yekhe Mongol Ulus (Great Mongol Nation) at a Kurultai (general assembly) and assumed the title "Chingis Khan" (or more commonly known as "Genghis Khan" probably meaning Universal ruler) instead of the old tribal tities such as Gur Khan or Tayang Khan. This event essentially marked the start of the Mongol Empire under the leadership of Genghis Khan (1206–1227). Genghis Khan appointed his loyal friends as the heads of army units and households. He also divided his nation into {{transliteration|xng|italic=no|arbans}} (each with 10 people), {{transliteration|xng|italic=no|zuuns}} (100), {{transliteration|xng|italic=no|myangans}} (1000) and {{transliteration|xng|italic=no|tumens}} (10,000) of decimal organization. 

Genghis Khan rewarded those loyal to him and placed them in high positions. He proclaimed new law of the empire Yassa and codified everything related to the nomads' everyday life and political affairs at the time. For example, he forbade hunting animals during breeding time, selling women, stealing other's properties, and fighting between the Mongols by his law. He quickly came into conflict with the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] of the [[Jurchens]] and the [[Western Xia]] of the [[Tanguts]] in northern China. Under the provocation of the Muslim [[Khwarezmid Empire]], he moved into Central Asia as well, devastating [[Transoxiana]] and eastern [[Persia]], and then raiding into [[Kievan Rus']] and the [[Caucasus]]. Before his death, Genghis divided his empire among his sons and immediate family, but as custom made clear, it remained the joint property of the entire imperial family who, along with the Mongol aristocracy, constituted the ruling class. 

In 1207 Kyrgyz possessions on the [[Yenisei]], in [[Tuva]] and [[Altai Mountains|Altai]] were entered into part of Mongol Empire. But in 1273–1293 Kyrgyz rulers restored their independence after repeated rebellions Kyrgyz tribes against Mongols power in 1217, 1218, 1273–1280. In 1218 the east [[Turkestan]] and [[Jetisu|Semirechie]] were conquered by Mongols. His third son, [[Ugedei]], inherited Genghis Khan's empire. The designated Great Khan personally controlled the lands east of [[Lake Balkhash]] as far as Mongolia. Tolui, the youngest, the keeper of the hearth, was granted the northern Mongolian homeland. [[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]], the second son, received Transoxania, between the [[Amur-Darya]] and [[Syr-Darya]] rivers in modern [[Uzbekistan]], and the area around [[Kashgar]]. He made his capital at [[Almaliq, Xinjiang|Almalik]] near Kulja in northwestern China. Apart from problems of lineage and inheritance, the Mongol Empire was endangered by the great cultural and ethnic divide between the Mongols themselves and their mostly Islamic Turkic subjects. * In 1269, during the common meeting of khans of Chagatai and Ugedei uluses, Khaidu (1269- 1301) was officially chosen to be a Khan. His lands extended from Altai to Amur-Darya, including the territory of what is now Kyrgyzstan and Eastern Turkestan (an extensive region of central Asia between [[Siberia]] in the north and [[Tibet]], India, Afghanistan, and Iran in the south: formerły divided into West (Russian) Turkestan (also called [[Soviet Central Asia]]), comprising present-day [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Kyrgyzstan]] and the South part of [[Kazakhstan]], and East Turkestan consisting of the [[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region]] (Chinese).