Editing Hentai (section)

=== Origin of erotic manga ===
[[File:The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife, British Museum, version 1 (cropped).jpg|thumbnail|''[[The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife]]'' (1814), a well-known example of Japanese erotic art (''[[shunga]]'')]]
Depictions of sex and abnormal sex can be traced back through the ages, predating the term "hentai". ''[[Shunga]]'', a Japanese term for erotic art, is thought to have existed in some form since the [[Heian period]]. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, ''shunga'' works were suppressed by the [[shōgun|shogunate]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Bowman, John |year=2000 |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |url=https://www.questia.com/library/99910501/columbia-chronologies-of-asian-history-and-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716085313/http://www.questia.com/library/99910501/columbia-chronologies-of-asian-history-and-culture |archive-date=16 July 2013 |access-date=26 April 2013 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] }}</ref> A well-known example is ''[[The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife]]'' by [[Hokusai]], which depicts a woman being stimulated by two octopuses. ''Shunga'' production fell with the introduction of pornographic photographs in the late 19th century.

To define erotic [[manga]], a definition for manga is needed. While the ''[[Hokusai Manga]]'' uses the term "manga" in its title, it does not depict the story-telling aspect common to modern manga, as the images are unrelated. Due to the influence of pornographic photographs in the 19th and 20th centuries, the manga artwork was depicted by realistic characters. [[Osamu Tezuka]] helped define the modern look and form of manga, and was later proclaimed as the "God of Manga".<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.matt-thorn.com/mangagaku/history.html |title=A History of Manga |access-date=26 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415042305/http://www.matt-thorn.com/mangagaku/history.html |archive-date=15 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://hentaiweeb.com/what-is-hentai/ | title=History of Manga and Hentai | access-date=20 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810030827/http://hentaiweeb.com/what-is-hentai | archive-date=10 August 2017 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all}}</ref> His debut work ''[[Shin Takarajima (manga)|New Treasure Island]]'' was released in 1947 as a comic book through Ikuei Publishing and sold over 400,000 copies,<ref name="history" /> though it was the popularity of Tezuka's ''[[Astro Boy]]'', ''[[Metropolis (manga)|Metropolis]]'', and ''[[Kimba the White Lion|Jungle Emperor]]'' manga that would come to define the media. This story-driven manga style is distinctly unique from comic strips like ''[[Sazae-san]]'', and story-driven works came to dominate {{lang|ja-latn|[[shōjo]]}} and ''[[Shōnen manga|shōnen]]'' magazines.<ref name="history" />

Adult themes in manga have existed since the 1940s, but some of these depictions were more realistic than the cartoon-cute characters popularized by Tezuka.<ref name="Galbraith">{{cite journal |author=Galbraith, Patrick |year=2011 |title=Lolicon: The Reality of 'Virtual Child Pornography' in Japan |url=http://www.imageandnarrative.be/index.php/imagenarrative/article/viewFile/127/98 |journal=Image & Narrative |publisher=The University of Tokyo |volume=12 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806212344/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/index.php/imagenarrative/article/viewFile/127/98 |archive-date=6 August 2017 |access-date=26 April 2013 }}</ref> In 1973, ''Manga Bestseller'' (later known as ''Manga Erotopia''), which is considered to be the first hentai manga magazine published in Japan, would be responsible for creating a new genre known as {{lang|ja-latn|ero-gekiga}}, where {{lang|ja-latn|[[gekiga]]}} was taken, and the sexual and violent content was intensified.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Kimi|first=Rito|title=The History of Hentai Manga: An Expressionist Examination of Eromanga|publisher=[[FAKKU]]|year=2021|isbn=978-1-63442-253-6|pages=24, 25}}</ref> Other well-known "{{lang|ja-latn|ero-gekiga}}" magazines were ''Erogenica'' (1975), and ''Alice'' (1977).<ref>{{cite book |author=Gravett, Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/mangasixtyyearso0000grav |title=Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics |publisher=Laurence King Publishing and Harper Design International |year=2004 |isbn=9781856693912 |location=New York |page=135 |oclc=935609782 |url-access=registration}}</ref> The circulation of {{lang|ja-latn|ero-gekiga}} magazines would peak in 1978, and it is believed that somewhere between eighty and one hundred different {{lang|ja-latn|ero-gekiga}} magazines were being published annually.

The 1980s would see the decline of {{lang|ja-latn|ero-gekiga}} in favor of the rising popularity of ''[[lolicon]]'' and {{lang|ja-latn|[[bishōjo]]}} magazines, which grew from ''[[otaku]]'' fan culture. It has been theorized that the decline of {{lang|ja-latn|ero-gekiga}} was due to the baby boomer readership beginning to start their own families, as well as migrating to [[Seinen manga|''seinen'']] magazines such as ''[[Weekly Young Magazine]]'', and when it came to sexual material, the readership was stolen by [[Gravure idol|gravure]] and [[pornographic magazine]]s.<ref name=":3" /> The distinct shift in the style of Japanese pornographic comics from realistic to cartoon-cute characters is accredited to [[Hideo Azuma]], "The Father of ''Lolicon''".<ref name="Galbraith" /> In 1979, he penned ''{{interlanguage link|Cybele (doujinshi)|lt=Cybele|ja|シベール (同人誌)}}'', which offered the first depictions of sexual acts between cute, unrealistic Tezuka-style characters. This would start a pornographic manga movement.<ref name="Galbraith" /> The ''lolicon'' boom of the 1980s saw the rise of magazines such as the anthologies ''[[Lemon People]]'' and ''[[Petit Apple Pie]]''. As the ''lolicon'' boom waned in the mid-1980s, the dominant form of representation for female characters became "baby faced and big chested" women.<ref name="nagayama">{{Cite book|last=Nagayama|first=Kaoru|title=Erotic Comics in Japan: An Introduction to Eromanga|date=2020|publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]]|isbn=978-94-6372-712-9|location=Amsterdam|pages=27, 137–139, 223–224|translator-last=Galbraith|translator-first=Patrick W.|oclc=1160012499|translator-last2=Bauwens-Sugimoto|translator-first2=Jessica}}</ref> The shift in popularity from ''lolicon'' to {{lang|ja-latn|bishōjo}} has been credited to [[Naoki Yamamoto (manga artist)|Naoki Yamamoto]] (who wrote under the pen name of Tō Moriyama). Moriyama's manga had a style that had not been seen before at the time, and was different from the {{lang|ja-latn|ero-gekiga}} and ''lolicon'' styles, and used {{lang|ja-latn|bishōjo}} designs as a base to build upon. Moriyama's books sold well upon publication, creating even more fans for the genre. These new artists would then write for magazines such as ''Monthly Penguin Club Magazine'' (1986) and ''Manga Hot Milk'' (1986) which would become popular with their readership, drawing in new fans.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kimi|first=Rito|title=The History of Hentai Manga: An Expressionist Examination of Eromanga|publisher=[[FAKKU]]|year=2021|isbn=978-1-63442-253-6|pages=37, 38}}</ref>

The publication of erotic materials in the United States can be traced back to at least 1990, when [[IANVS Publications]] printed its first ''Anime Shower Special''.<ref name="john2" /> In March 1994, [[Antarctic Press]] released ''[[Bondage Fairies]]'', an English translation of ''Insect Hunter'', an "insect rape" manga which became popular in the American market, while it apparently had a poor showing in Japan.<ref name="john2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kimi|first=Rito|title=The History of Hentai: An Expressionist Examination of Eromanga|publisher=[[FAKKU]]|year=2021|isbn=978-1-63442-253-6|pages=333}}</ref> During this time, the one American publisher translating and publishing hentai was Fantagraphics on their adult comic imprint, Eros Comix, which was established around 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kimi|first=Rito|title=The History of Hentai Manga: An Expressionist Examination of Eromanga|publisher=[[FAKKU]]|year=2021|isbn=978-1-63442-253-6|pages=331}}</ref>