Editing Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (section)

==Marriage to Mary, Queen of Scots==
[[Image:Mary Stuart James Darnley.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Darnley and Mary, Queen of Scots (painting {{circa|1565}}, now at [[Hardwick Hall]] in [[Derbyshire]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, (1545–1567) and Mary, Queen of Scots (1542–1587), National Trust Inventory Number 1129218 |url=http://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/1129218 |publisher=[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] collections |access-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204015143/http://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/1129218 |archive-date=4 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ]]
[[File:Mary Stuart James.jpg|thumb|300px|right|James VI and I (right) depicted aged 17 beside his mother [[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary]] (left), 1583. In reality, they were separated when he was still a baby.]]

On 3 February 1565, Darnley left London; by 12 February, he was in [[Edinburgh]]. On 17 February, he presented himself to Mary at [[Wemyss Castle]] in [[Fife, Scotland|Fife]].<ref>Charles Wemyss, ''Noble House of Scotland'' (Prestel Verlag, 2014), p. 80: Joseph Bain, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 125–126.</ref> [[James Melville of Halhill]] reported that "Her Majesty took well with him, and said that he was the lustiest and best proportioned long man that she had seen."<ref>{{cite book|last=Melville|first=James|title=Memoirs of his own life|editor=Gordon Donaldson|publisher=AMS Press|location=New York|year=1973|isbn=0404527183|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/MemoirsOfHisOwnLife}}</ref> After a brief visit to his father at [[Dunkeld]], Darnley returned with Mary and the court to [[Holyrood Palace|Holyrood]] on 24 February. The next day, he heard [[John Knox]] preach, and he danced a [[galliard]] with Mary at night.<ref>Joseph Bain, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 128.</ref> He was constantly in Mary's company from then on.<ref name=Greig/>

Darnley was his wife's half-first cousin through two different marriages of their grandmother, [[Margaret Tudor]], putting Mary and Darnley high in the line of succession for the English throne. Darnley was also a descendant of a daughter of [[James II of Scotland]], and so also in line for the throne of Scotland.

As a preliminary to the marriage, Darnley was made a [[knight]], Lord of Ardmanoch and [[Earl of Ross]] at [[Stirling Castle]] on 15 May 1565.<ref>''[[The Scots Peerage]]'', vol. I, [https://archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun01paul#page/155/mode/1up p. 155].</ref> An entourage of 15 men were made knights, including one of Mary's half brothers, [[Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Orkney|Robert Stewart of Strathdon]], [[Robert Drummond of Carnock]], [[James Stewart, 1st Lord Doune|James Stewart]] of [[Doune Castle]], and [[William Murray of Tullibardine]].<ref>Goodare, Julian, 'Queen Mary's Catholic Interlude', in ''Mary Stewart Queen in Three Kingdoms: Innes Review'', vol.37 (1987), p. 158: ''Calendar of State Papers Scotland'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 161 no. 181.</ref> In England, a concerned [[Privy council]] debated the perils of the intended marriage on 4 June. One of their resolutions was to relax the displeasure shown to Lady [[Catherine Grey]], another rival to Mary Stuart for the English throne.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 175, 194.</ref> Mary sent John Hay, Commendator of Balmerino, to speak to Elizabeth; Elizabeth demanded Darnley's return and gave John Hay plainly to understand her small satisfaction.<ref>''Calendar of State Papers Scotland'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 175–177, 178.</ref>

On 22 July, Darnley was made [[Duke of Albany]] in [[Holyrood Abbey]], and the [[banns of marriage]] were called in the parish of Canongate. A proclamation was made at the [[Mercat cross|Cross]] of Edinburgh on 28 July 1565 that government would be in the joint names of the king and queen of Scots, thus making Darnley king and giving him equality with and precedence over Mary. This was confirmed in the circulation of a silver ryal in the names of Henry and Mary.<ref>Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 184.</ref><ref name="Daniel2">Daniel, William S. (Edinburgh, 1852), ''History of The Abbey and Palace of Holyrood'', p. 67.</ref>

On 29 July 1565, the [[Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Henry, Lord Darnley|marriage took place by Roman Catholic rites in Mary's private chapel at Holyrood]], but Darnley (whose religious beliefs were unfixed – he was raised as a Catholic, but was later influenced by Protestantism)<ref name="Davison, Meredith Henry Armstrong 1965">Davison, Meredith Henry Armstrong, ''The Casket Letters'' 1965.</ref> refused to accompany Mary to the nuptial Mass after the wedding.<ref name=Greig /> Because they were both first cousins, a papal dispensation was needed for the marriage, which was initially celebrated without the dispensation because the [[Holy See]] delayed issuing it.{{sfnm|Fraser|1994|1p=230|Wormald|1988|2p=150}} It was not until 25 September that Rome issued the dispensation, thus validating the marriage between Mary and Darnley.<ref>{{harvnb|Weir|2008|p=82}}</ref>

The marriage union between Mary and Darnley provoked the wrath of Elizabeth because the Queen considered that Darnley, who, despite being Scottish, was born and raised in England and, therefore, was her subject, had married without her permission. The marriage also posed a serious threat to Elizabeth: both Darnley and Mary had claims to the English throne as descendants of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]], the first monarch of the reigning [[House of Tudor]], and the English Catholics considered Mary to be the rightful heir to the throne, rather than Elizabeth who was Protestant. Furthermore, any son they might have would be a clear claimant to the throne of England.<ref>{{harvnb|Weir|2008|pp=83–84}}</ref>

In retaliation for Henry's marriage, Elizabeth sent a diplomat [[John Tamworth]] to Mary with her complaints,<ref>[[Jane Dawson|Jane E. A. Dawson]], 'Mary, Queen of Scots, Lord Darnley and Anglo-Scottish Relations in 1565', ''International History Review'', 8 (1986), pp. 1–24.</ref> and ordered the imprisonment of her first cousin and Darnley's mother, Lady Margaret, in the [[Tower of London]]. Margaret remained imprisoned in the Tower until she was freed shortly after her son's murder.<ref>Morgan Ring, ''So High A Blood: The Life of Margaret, Countess of Lennox'' (Bloomsbury, 2017), pp. 160–161, 200–211.</ref>

The marriage between Mary and the son of Scotland's premier Catholic nobleman alarmed the Protestant nobility, precipitating the Queen's half-brother, [[James Stewart, Earl of Moray]], along with the earls of [[Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll|Argyll]], [[Alexander Cunningham, 5th Earl of Glencairn|Glencairn]], and [[Andrew Leslie, 5th Earl of Rothes|Rothes]] to take up arms against Mary.{{sfnm|Weir |2008|1p=78|Wormald|1988|2pp=151-153}}<ref>Henry Ellis, ''Original Letters'', series 2 vol. 2 (London, 1827), pp. 298–99.</ref> Protestant noblemen were worried that the marriage would mean Scotland would take a turn towards Catholicism.<ref>[[Jenny Wormald]], ''Mary, Queen of Scots: Politics, Passion and a Kingdom Lost'' (London, 2001), p. 154.</ref> The rebellion, known as the [[Chaseabout Raid]], was soon defeated by the royal forces, and Moray was forced to escape to England, where he sought Elizabeth's asylum.<ref>James Aikman, ''History of Scotland by George Buchanan'', 2 (Glasgow, 1827), pp. 473–74.</ref><ref>http://www.marie-stuart.co.uk/timeline.htm - details the campaign.</ref><ref>Thomas Finlay Henderson, [https://archive.org/details/maryqueenofscots01hend/page/352/mode/2up ''Mary, Queen of Scots, her environment and tragedy, a biography'', 1 (London, 1905), p. 353]</ref>