Editing Hazaras (section)

=== 19th century ===
{{Further|1888–1893 Hazara uprisings|Battle of Uruzgan|Persecution of Hazaras|List of massacres against Hazaras}}
[[File:Hazara tribesmen.jpg|thumb|200px|A painting of armed Hazara tribesmen in 1892]]
During the second reign of [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] in the 19th century, Hazaras from Hazarajat were taxed for the first time. However, for the most part, they managed to maintain their regional [[autonomy]] until the 1892 [[Battle of Uruzgan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 1892 |title=THE AMEER CAPTURES URZAGHAN. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1892/10/02/archives/the-ameer-captures-urzaghan.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the subsequent subjugation by [[Abdur Rahman Khan|Abdur Rahman]], which began in the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mousavi |first=Sayed Askar |title=The Hazaras of Afghanistan: an historical, cultural, economic and political study |date=1998 |publisher=Curzon |isbn=978-1-315-02693-0 |location=Richmond, Surrey |oclc=1100424512}}</ref>

When the [[Treaty of Gandomak]] was signed and the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] ended in 1880, Abdur Rahman set a goal to bring [[Hazaristan]], [[Turkistan]], and [[Kafiristan]] under his control. He launched several campaigns in Hazaristan in response to resistance from the Hazaras, during which his forces committed atrocities. The southern part of Hazaristan was spared, as its inhabitants accepted his rule, while other regions rejected Abdur Rahman and supported his uncle, [[Sher Ali Khan]]. In response, Abdur Rahman waged war against the tribal leaders who opposed his policies and rule. This conflict is known as the [[Hazara Uprisings]].<ref name="Monsutti" />

These campaigns had a catastrophic impact on the demographics of the Hazaras, resulting in the [[List of genocides by death toll|massacre]] of over sixty percent of the total Hazara population, with many being displaced and exiled from their own lands. The Hazara lands were distributed among loyalist villagers from nearby non-Hazara communities. The repression following the uprising has been characterized as [[genocide]] or [[ethnic cleansing]] in the history of modern Afghanistan.<ref name="دلجو-2013">{{cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها |date=2013 |publisher=انتشارات امیری |isbn=978-9936-8015-0-9 |location=کابل}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=کاتب |first=فیض‌محمد |title=سراج‌التواریخ |publisher=مطبعه دارالسلطنته |year=1913 |location=کابل}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zamani |first1=Ezzatullah |date=September 2019 |title=The 'Genocide of the Hazaras' in Afghanistan from 1884 to 1905 and subsequent genocidal campaigns and target killings against them in the 21st century |url=https://www.academia.edu/40786500 |journal=Genocide of the Hazaras of Afghanistan}}</ref>

After these massacres, Abdul Rahman forced many Hazara families from the Hazara areas of [[Uruzgan]] and other parts of Hazaristan to leave their hometowns and ancestral lands, prompting many Hazaras to flee to neighboring countries such as Central Asia, [[Iran]], [[British India]], [[Iraq]], and [[Syria]]. Those Hazaras living in the northern [[Hindu Kush]] migrated to [[Tsarist|Tsarist Russia]], primarily settling in the southern cities, while some moved to Iran. Over time, many Hazaras living in Tsarist Russian regions lost their [[Hazaragi|language]], [[Hazara culture|culture]], and [[ethnic identity]] due to the similarities in [[Heritability|racial background]] and [[physical appearance]] of the local population, leading them to assimilate. The fleeing Hazaras settled in former Tsarist Russia regions, including [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Dagestan]]. Meanwhile, the Hazaras from northwestern Afghanistan migrated to Iran, settling in neighborhoods in and around [[Mashhad]], where they later became known as Khawari or Barbari. Another group of Hazaras from the southeastern regions of Afghanistan moved to British India, where they reside in [[Quetta]] (present-day [[Pakistan]]) and parts of present-day [[India]]. Additionally, some Hazaras settled in Syria and Iraq. Unlike those who migrated to Tsarist Russia, the Hazaras in Pakistan, India, Iran, Syria, and Iraq were unable to integrate fully due to differences in physical appearance, allowing them to retain their language, culture, and ethnic identity.<ref name="archive.mashal.org">{{Cite web |title=کوچ اجباری و اثرات فرهنگی واجتماعی آن بر جامعه هزاره |url=http://archive.mashal.org/content.php?c=hejtemahi&id=00115 |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=archive.mashal.org}}</ref>