Editing Hard rock (section)

===Expansion (1970s)===
[[File:Who - 1975.jpg|thumb|right|[[The Who]] on stage in 1975]]
In the early 1970s the Rolling Stones further developed their hard rock sound with ''[[Exile on Main St.]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exile On Main St. {{!}} The Rolling Stones |url=http://www.rollingstones.com/release/exile-on-main-st/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022151946/http://www.rollingstones.com/release/exile-on-main-st/ |archive-date=2012-10-22 |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=rollingstones.com}}</ref> (1972). Initially receiving mixed reviews, according to critic Steve Erlewine it is now "generally regarded as the Rolling Stones' finest album".<ref>S. T. Erlewine, [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r16834|pure_url=yes}} "Rolling Stones: Exile on Mainstreet"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 3 August 2010.</ref> They continued to pursue the riff-heavy sound on albums including ''[[It's Only Rock 'n' Roll]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's Only Rock 'N' Roll – The Rolling Stones {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/its-only-rock-n-roll-mw0000195496 |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=AllMusic |language=en-us}}</ref> (1974) and ''[[Black and Blue]]'' (1976).<ref>S. T. Erlewine, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5298|pure_url=yes}} "The Rolling Stones"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 3 August 2010.</ref> Led Zeppelin began to mix elements of [[world music|world]] and folk music into their hard rock from ''[[Led Zeppelin III]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Led Zeppelin III – Led Zeppelin {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/led-zeppelin-iii-mw0000650405 |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=AllMusic |language=en-us}}</ref> (1970) and ''[[Led Zeppelin IV]]'' (1971). The latter included the track "[[Stairway to Heaven]]",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sold on Song – Song Library – Stairway To Heaven |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/indepth/stairway.shtml |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> which would become the most played song in the history of album-oriented radio.<ref>S. T. Erlewine, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p4739|pure_url=yes}} "Led Zeppelin"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 27 September 2010.</ref> Deep Purple continued to define their unique brand of hard rock, particularly with their album ''[[Machine Head (album)|Machine Head]]'' (1972), which included the tracks "[[Highway Star (song)|Highway Star]]" and "[[Smoke on the Water]]".<ref>R. Walser, ''Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music'' (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1993), {{ISBN|0-8195-6260-2}}, p. 64.</ref> In 1975 guitarist [[Ritchie Blackmore]] left, going on to form [[Rainbow (rock band)|Rainbow]] and after the break-up of the band the next year, vocalist [[David Coverdale]] formed [[Whitesnake]].<ref name="AllmusicDeepPurple">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 292–3.</ref> 1970 saw the Who release ''[[Live at Leeds]]'', often seen as the archetypal hard rock live album, and the following year they released their highly acclaimed album ''[[Who's Next]]'', which mixed heavy rock with extensive use of synthesizers.<ref>C. Charlesworth and E. Hanel, ''The Who: the Complete Guide to Their Music'' (London: Omnibus Press, 2nd edn., 2004), {{ISBN|1-84449-428-4}}, p. 52.</ref> Subsequent albums, including ''[[Quadrophenia]]'' (1973), built on this sound before ''[[Who Are You]]'' (1978), their last album before the death of pioneering rock drummer [[Keith Moon]] later that year.<ref name="AllmusicTheWho">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 1220–2.</ref>

Emerging British acts included [[Free (band)|Free]], who released their signature song "[[All Right Now]]" (1970), which has received extensive radio airplay in both the UK and US.<ref>[https://music.apple.com/us/artist/paul-rodgers/163444 Paul Rodgers: Biography], ''[[iTunes]]''</ref> After the breakup of the band in 1973, vocalist [[Paul Rodgers]] joined [[Supergroup (music)|supergroup]] [[Bad Company (band)|Bad Company]], whose [[Bad Company (album)|eponymous first album]] (1974) was an international hit.<ref name="AllmusicNazareth">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 52–3.</ref> UK band [[Foghat]] also found success throughout the decade with their boogie and blues style. The mixture of hard rock and progressive rock, evident in the works of Deep Purple, was pursued more directly by bands like [[Uriah Heep (band)|Uriah Heep]] and [[Argent (band)|Argent]].<ref>E. Macan, ''Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), {{ISBN|0-19-509887-0}}, pp. 138.</ref> Scottish band [[Nazareth (band)|Nazareth]] released their [[Nazareth (album)|self-titled début]] album in 1971, producing a blend of hard rock and pop that would culminate in their best selling, ''[[Hair of the Dog (album)|Hair of the Dog]]'' (1975), which contained the proto-[[power ballad]] "[[Love Hurts]]".<ref>V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 783–4.</ref> Having enjoyed some national success in the early 1970s, [[Queen (band)|Queen]], after the release of ''[[Sheer Heart Attack]]'' (1974) and ''[[A Night at the Opera (Queen album)|A Night at the Opera]]'' (1975), gained international recognition with a sound that used layered vocals and guitars and mixed hard rock with heavy metal, progressive rock, and even [[opera]].<ref name="AMQueen">{{Citation |last=S. T. Erlewine |title=Queen |url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=queen-p5205/biography|pure_url=yes}} |work=Allmusic |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wS5t2gXT?url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/queen-p5205/biography |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 February 2011}}.</ref> The latter featured the hit single "[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Queen&nbsp;— Bohemian Rhapsody |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/Show%20Me%20The%20Way |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref>

[[File:KISS in concert Boston 2004.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] onstage in Boston in 2004]]
In the United States, [[Shock rock|shock-rock]] pioneer [[Alice Cooper (band)|Alice Cooper]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice Cooper |url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/alice-cooper |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame |language=en}}</ref> achieved mainstream success with ''[[School's Out (album)|School's Out]]'' (1972), and followed up with ''[[Billion Dollar Babies]]'', which reached the No. 1 position on the ''Billboard 200'' albums chart in 1973.<ref>R. Harris and J. D. Peters, ''Motor City Rock and Roll:: The 1960s and 1970s'' (Charleston CL., Arcadia Publishing, 2008), {{ISBN|0-7385-5236-4}}, p. 114.</ref> Also in 1973, blues rockers [[ZZ Top]] released their classic album ''[[Tres Hombres]]'' and [[Aerosmith]] produced their [[Aerosmith (album)|eponymous début]], as did [[Southern rock]]ers [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]] and [[proto-punk]] outfit [[New York Dolls]], demonstrating the diverse directions being pursued in the genre.<ref name="AllmusicBands">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 9–11, 681–2, 794 and 1271–2.</ref> [[Montrose (band)|Montrose]], including the instrumental talent of [[Ronnie Montrose]] and vocals of [[Sammy Hagar]] released their [[Montrose (album)|first album]] in 1973.<ref>E. Rivadavia, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p4946|pure_url=yes}} "Montrose"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 2 August 2010.</ref> Former bubblegum-pop family act [[the Osmonds]] recorded two hard rock albums in 1972 and had their breakthrough in the UK with the hard rock hit "[[Crazy Horses]]."<ref name="guard">[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/jan/23/how-we-made-crazy-horses-the-osmonds "The Osmonds: how we made Crazy Horses" The Guardian 23 January 2017]</ref><ref>Eddy, Chuck. ''[https://www.amazon.com/Stairway-To-Hell-Albums-Universe/dp/0517575418 Stairway to Hell: The Five Hundred Best Heavy Metal Albums in the Universe]''</ref> [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]] built on the theatrics of Alice Cooper and the look of the New York Dolls to produce a unique band persona, achieving their commercial breakthrough with the double live album ''[[Alive! (Kiss album)|Alive!]]'' in 1975 and helping to take hard rock into the [[Arena rock|stadium rock]] era.<ref name="P. Buckley, 2003" /> In the mid-1970s Aerosmith achieved their commercial and artistic breakthrough with ''[[Toys in the Attic (album)|Toys in the Attic]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toys in the Attic – Aerosmith {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/toys-in-the-attic-mw0000189017 |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=AllMusic |language=en-us}}</ref> (1975) and ''[[Rocks (Aerosmith album)|Rocks]]'' (1976),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giles |first=Jeff |date=3 May 2016 |title=That Time Aerosmith Hit Their Stride on 'Rocks' |url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/aerosmith-rocks/ |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=Ultimate Classic Rock |language=en}}</ref> [[Blue Öyster Cult]], formed in the late 1960s, picked up on some of the elements introduced by Black Sabbath with their breakthrough live gold album ''[[On Your Feet or on Your Knees]]'' (1975), followed by their first platinum album, ''[[Agents of Fortune]]'' (1976), containing the hit single "[[(Don't Fear) The Reaper]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of BÖC |url=http://www.blueoystercult.com/History/history6.html |access-date=2008-09-14 |publisher=Blue Oyster Cult.com}}</ref> [[Journey (band)|Journey]] released their [[Journey (Journey album)|eponymous debut]] in 1975<ref name="AllmusicJourney">W. Ruhlmann, [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p4643|pure_url=yes}} "Journey"], ''Allmusic'', retrieved 20 June 2010.</ref> and the next year [[Boston (band)|Boston]] released their highly successful [[Boston (album)|début album]].<ref name="AllmusicBoston">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, p. 132.</ref> In the same year, hard rock bands featuring women saw commercial success as [[Heart (band)|Heart]] released ''[[Dreamboat Annie]]'' and [[the Runaways]] débuted with their [[The Runaways (album)|self-titled album]]. While Heart had a more [[folk rock|folk-oriented]] hard rock sound, the Runaways leaned more towards a mix of [[Punk rock|punk-influenced music]] and hard rock.<ref>M. J. Carson, T. Lewis and S. M. Shaw, ''Girls Rock!: Fifty Years of Women Making Music'' (University Press of Kentucky, 2004), {{ISBN|0-8131-2310-0}}, pp. 86–9.</ref> [[The Amboy Dukes (band)|The Amboy Dukes]], having emerged from the Detroit garage rock scene and most famous for their psychedelic hit "Journey to the Center of the Mind" (1968), were dissolved by their guitarist [[Ted Nugent]], who embarked on a solo career that resulted in four successive multi-platinum albums between ''[[Ted Nugent (album)|Ted Nugent]]'' (1975) and his best selling ''[[Double Live Gonzo!]]'' (1978).<ref name="TedNugentASearch">[https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Ted%20Nugent&format=ALBUM&go=Search&perPage=50 RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for albums by Ted Nugent]</ref> "[[Goodbye to Love]]" by [[the Carpenters]], a duo whose music was otherwise almost exclusively soft rock, drew [[hate mail]] for its incorporation of a hard rock [[fuzz guitar]] solo by [[Tony Peluso]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Randy |url=https://archive.org/details/littlegirlblueli00schm/page/88 |title=Little Girl Blue: The Life Of Karen Carpenter |publisher=Chicago Review Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-556-52976-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/littlegirlblueli00schm/page/88 88] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

[[File:Rush-in-concert.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Rush (band)|Rush]] on stage in Milan, Italy, 2004]]
From outside the United Kingdom and the United States, the Canadian trio [[Rush (band)|Rush]] released three distinctively hard rock albums in 1974–75 (''[[Rush (Rush album)|Rush]]'', ''[[Fly by Night (album)|Fly by Night]]'' and ''[[Caress of Steel]]'') before moving toward a more progressive sound with the 1976 album ''[[2112 (album)|2112]]''.<ref name="AllmusicRush">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, p. 966.</ref><ref>AllMusic [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r17109|pure_url=yes}} Greg Prato on ''All the World's a Stage'']. Retrieved December 14, 2007.</ref> Also from Canada, [[Triumph (band)|Triumph]] released their [[Triumph (Triumph album)|debut album]] in 1976 before their breakthrough came in the form of the ''[[Just a Game (album)|Just a Game]]'' album in 1979. Later, the band's streak of popularity continued with the ''[[Allied Forces (album)|Allied Forces]]'' album in 1981. The Irish band [[Thin Lizzy]], which had formed in the late 1960s, made their most substantial commercial breakthrough in 1976 with the hard rock album ''[[Jailbreak (album)|Jailbreak]]'' and their worldwide hit "[[The Boys Are Back in Town]]". Their style, consisting of two duelling guitarists often playing leads in harmony, proved itself to be a large influence on later bands. They reached their commercial, and arguably their artistic peak with ''[[Black Rose: A Rock Legend]]'' (1979).<ref name="AllmusicThinLizy">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 1333–4.</ref> The arrival of the [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]] from Germany marked the geographical expansion of the subgenre.<ref name="Walser1993p10">R. Walser, ''Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music'' (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1993), {{ISBN|0-8195-6260-2}}, p. 10.</ref> Australian-formed [[AC/DC]], with a stripped back, riff heavy and abrasive style that also appealed to the punk generation, began to gain international attention from 1976, culminating in the release of their multi-platinum albums ''[[Let There Be Rock]]'' (1977) and ''[[Highway to Hell]]'' (1979).<ref name="AllmusicAC/DC">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 3–5.</ref> Also influenced by a punk ethos were heavy metal bands like [[Motörhead]], while Judas Priest abandoned the remaining elements of the blues in their music,<ref name="Bogdanov2002JudasPriest">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 605–6.</ref> further differentiating the hard rock and heavy metal styles and helping to create the [[new wave of British heavy metal]] which was pursued by bands like [[Iron Maiden]], [[Saxon (band)|Saxon]], and [[Venom (band)|Venom]].<ref>S. Waksman, ''This Ain't the Summer of Love: Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk'' (Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 2009), {{ISBN|0-520-25310-8}}, pp. 146–71.</ref>

[[File:Gouden platen voor Golden Earring uitgereikt te Hilversum Vlnr Barry Hay, Rinu, Bestanddeelnr 924-0244.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Golden Earring]] receives a gold record in 1970.]]
With the rise of [[disco]] in the US and [[punk rock]] in the UK, hard rock's mainstream dominance was rivalled toward the later part of the decade. Disco appealed to a more diverse group of people and punk seemed to take over the rebellious role that hard rock once held.<ref>R. Walser, ''Running With the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music'' (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1993), {{ISBN|0-8195-6260-2}}, p. 11.</ref> Early punk bands like the [[Ramones]] explicitly rebelled against the drum solos and extended guitar solos that characterised stadium rock, with almost all of their songs clocking in under three minutes with no guitar solos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=End of the Century:The Ramones |url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/endofthecentury/ramones.html |access-date=7 November 2009 |website=Independent Lens |publisher=PBS}}</ref> However, new rock acts continued to emerge and record sales remained high into the 1980s. 1977 saw the début and rise to stardom of [[Foreigner (band)|Foreigner]], who went on to release several platinum albums through to the mid-1980s.<ref name="AllmusicForeigner">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 425–6.</ref> [[American Midwest|Midwestern]] groups like [[Kansas (band)|Kansas]], [[REO Speedwagon]] and [[Styx (band)|Styx]] helped further cement heavy rock in the Midwest as a form of stadium rock.<ref>R. Kirkpatrick, ''The Words and Music of Bruce Springsteen'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), {{ISBN|0-275-98938-0}}, p. 51.</ref> In 1978, [[Van Halen]] emerged from the Los Angeles music scene with a sound based around the skills of lead guitarist [[Eddie Van Halen]]. He popularised a guitar-playing technique of two-handed hammer-ons and pull-offs called [[tapping]], showcased on the song "[[Eruption (song)|Eruption]]" from the album ''[[Van Halen (album)|Van Halen]]'', which was highly influential in re-establishing hard rock as a popular genre after the punk and disco explosion, while also redefining and elevating the role of electric guitar.<ref name="AllmusicVanHalen">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 1182–3.</ref> In the 1970s and 80s, several European bands, including the German [[Michael Schenker Group]], the Swedish band [[Europe (band)|Europe]], and Dutch bands [[Golden Earring]], [[Vandenberg (band)|Vandenberg]] and [[Vengeance (band)|Vengeance]] experienced success in Europe and internationally.