Editing Hanover (section)

===19th century===
[[File:Hannover Georgstraße mit Theater (um 1895).jpg|thumb|Am [[Kröpcke]], 1895]]
[[File:Hannover Schloss zu Herrenhausen (um 1895).jpg|thumb|right|Schloss [[Herrenhausen Gardens|Herrenhausen]], 1895]]
After [[Napoleon I|Napoleon]] imposed the [[Convention of Artlenburg]] (treaty of the Elbe) on 5 July 1803, about 35,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover. The convention also required disbanding the [[Hanoverian Army]]. However, [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] did not recognise the Convention of the Elbe, which resulted in a great number of soldiers from Hanover eventually emigrating to Great Britain, where the [[King's German Legion]] was formed. It was only troops from Hanover and [[Black Brunswickers|Brunswick]] who consistently opposed France throughout the Napoleonic Wars. The Legion later played an important role in the [[Peninsular War]] and the [[Battle of Waterloo]] in 1815. In 1814 the electorate became the [[Kingdom of Hanover]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/countries/hanover|title=A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Hanover|publisher=Office of the Historian: US Government|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114211056/https://history.state.gov/countries/hanover|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1837, the [[personal union]] of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended because [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]]'s heir in the United Kingdom was female ([[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]). Hanover could be inherited only by male heirs. Thus, Hanover passed to William IV's brother, [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus]], and remained a kingdom until 1866, when it was annexed by the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] during the [[Austro-Prussian War|Austro-Prussian war]]. Though Hanover was expected to defeat Prussia at the [[Battle of Langensalza (1866)|Battle of Langensalza]] in 1866, Prussia employed [[Prussian Army#Moltke the Elder|Moltke the Elder's Kesselschlacht order of battle]] to and destroyed the Hanoverian Army. Thereafter the city of Hanover became the capital of the Prussian [[Province of Hanover]].<ref>[[Heinrich Friedjung]], ''The Struggle for Supremacy in Germany 1859-1866'' (New York: Russell & Russell, 1897), p. 207</ref>

In 1872, the first [[Horsecar|horse railway]] was inaugurated, and in 1893, an electric [[tram]] was installed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic B&W photos of Hanover, Germany (19th century) |url=https://monovisions.com/hanover-germany-circa-1890s-19th-century-vintage-historic-photos/ |website=monovisions.com |publisher=MonoVisions Black & White Photography Magazine |access-date=2024-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521235746/https://monovisions.com/hanover-germany-circa-1890s-19th-century-vintage-historic-photos/ |archive-date=2024-05-21 |date=2016-04-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source|date=August 2024}}

A local newspaper, the ''Hannoverscher Kurier'', was published in Hanover at this time.