Editing Hanja (section)

=== Decline of Hanja ===
{{See also|Korean language and computers|Keyboard layout}}
The [[Korean mixed script|Hangul-Hanja mixed script]] was a commonly used means of writing, and Hangul effectively replaced Hanja in official and scholarly writing only in the 20th century. Hangŭl exclusive writing has been used concurrently in Korea after the decline of literary Chinese. The Mixed script could be commonly found in non-fiction writing, newspapers, etc., until the enacting of President [[Park Chung Hee]]'s 5-Year Plan for Hangul Exclusivity ({{Korean|hangul=한글전용 5개년 계획안|hanja=한글專用 5個年 計劃案|rr=Hangeuljeonyong Ogaenyeon Gyehoegan|labels=no}})<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date= |script-title=ko:문자 생활과 한글 |url=https://www.korean.go.kr/nkview/nklife/1996_2/1996_0205.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325081213/https://www.korean.go.kr/nkview/nklife/1996_2/1996_0205.pdf |archive-date=Mar 25, 2023 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> in 1968 banned the use and teaching of Hanja in public schools, as well as forbade its use in the military, to eliminate Hanja in writing by 1972 through legislative and executive means. However, due to public backlash, in 1972, Park's government allowed for the teaching of Hanja in special classes but maintained a ban on Hanja use in textbooks and other learning materials outside of the classes. This reverse step, however, was optional so the availability of Hanja education was dependent on the school one went to.

Another reason for the decline is found in the [[Korean keyboard|Hangul typewriter, and the keyboard.]] The push for better Hangul typewriters mainly began in 1949, but as it was long before the Hanja ban, government institutions did not prefer typewriters altogether as they could not write in Hanja nor Mixed script. Kong Byung Wo's notable ''Sebeolsik'' type first appeared in March 1949, jointly winning second place in the ''Joseon Balmyong Jangryohoe''<nowiki/>'s ({{Korean|hangul=조선발명장려회|labels=no}}) Hangul type contest, and Kim Dong Hoon's typewriter winning joint 3rd. During the 50s and 60s, alongside the Korean government's support for typewriting, new Hangul typewriters were developed, distributed, and adopted. Hangul type with both horizontal writing and ''moa-sseugi'' (모아쓰기; the style of Hangul where Hangul consonants and vowels mix in together to form a full letter, which is the default style being used today) first appeared in the same period as government policy.<ref>김유진. "한글 타자기의 재질특성 및 보존방안 연구." 국내석사학위논문 한국전통문화대학교 문화유산전문대학원, 2023. 충청남도</ref> With further adoption, during the 1970s, even when Hanja and mixed script were still used widely in society both as a writing system and as a style option, Koreans mostly gave up on mixed script at least in government documents and memorandums;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theme.archives.go.kr/next/koreaOfRecord/typewriter.do | title=기록으로 만나는 대한민국 > 생활 > 타자기 }}</ref> The use of Hanja in type hindered the speed of writing and printing compared to only-Hangul usage, especially after the advent of the ''Sebeolsik layout'' ({{Korean|hangul=세벌식 자판|hanja=세벌式 字板|labels=no}}).

Park's Hanja ban was not formally lifted until 1992 under the government of [[Kim Young-sam]]. In 1999, the government of [[Kim Dae-jung]] actively promoted Hanja by placing it on signs on the road, at bus stops, and in subways. In 1999, Han Mun was reintroduced as a school elective and in 2001 the Hanja Proficiency Test ({{Korean|hangul=한자능력검정시험|hanja=漢字能力檢定試驗|rr=Hanja Neungnyeok Geomjeong Siheom|labels=no}}) was introduced. In 2005, an older law, the Law Concerning Hangul Exclusivity ({{Korean|hangul=한글전용에 관한 법률|hanja=한글專用에 關한 法律|rr=Hangeuljeonyonge Gwanhan Beomnyul|labels=no}}) was repealed as well. In 2013 all elementary schools in Seoul started teaching Hanja. However, the result is that Koreans who were educated in this period having never been formally educated in Hanja are unable to use them, and thus the use of Hanja has plummeted in orthography until the modern day. Hanja is now very rarely used and is almost only used for abbreviations in newspaper headlines (e.g. {{Lang|ko|中}} for China, {{Lang|ko|韓}} for Korea, {{Lang|ko|美}} for the United States, {{Lang|ko|日}} for Japan, etc.), for clarification in text where a word might be confused for another due to homophones (e.g. {{Lang|ko|이 사장}} ({{Lang|ko|李 社長}}) vs. {{Lang|ko|이사장}} ({{Lang|ko|理事長}})), or for stylistic use such as the {{Lang|ko|辛}} ({{Korean|hangul=신라면|hanja=辛拉麵|labels=no}}) used on [[Shin Ramyun|Shin Ramyŏn]] packaging.

Since June 1949, Hanja has not officially been used in North Korea, and, in addition, most texts are now commonly written horizontally instead of vertically. Many words borrowed from Chinese have also been replaced in the North with native Korean words, due to the North's policy of [[Linguistic purism in Korean|linguistic purism]]. Nevertheless, a large number of Chinese-borrowed words are still widely used in the North (although written in Hangul), and Hanja still appear in special contexts, such as recent North Korean [[dictionaries]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2003/200305/news05/29.htm#6 | title= New Korean-English Dictionary published | date= 2003-05-28 | publisher= [[Korean Central News Agency]] | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071012114938/http://kcna.co.jp/item/2003/200305/news05/29.htm#6 | archive-date= 2007-10-12 }}</ref> The replacement has been less total in South Korea where, although usage has declined over time, some Hanja remain in common usage in some contexts.