Editing Hall-effect thruster (section)

=== Indian designs ===
Research in India is carried out by both public and private research institutes and companies.

In 2010, [[ISRO]] used Hall-effect ion propulsion thrusters in [[GSAT-4]] carried by [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]]-D3. It had four xenon powered thrusters for north-south station keeping. Two of them were Russian and the other two were Indian. The Indian thrusters were rated at 13mN. However, GSLV-D3 did not make it to orbit.

The following year in 2014, ISRO was pursuing development of 75 mN & 250 mN SPT thrusters to be used in its future high power communication satellites. The 75 mN thrusters were put to use aboard the [[South Asia Satellite|GSAT-9]] communication satellite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/nov/30/isro-to-test-electric-propulsion-on-satellites-849997.html|title=ISRO to Test Electric Propulsion on Satellites|website=The New Indian Express|date=30 November 2015 }}</ref>

By 2021 development of a 300 mN thruster was complete. Alongside it, RF-powered 10 kW plasma engines and krypton based low power electric propulsion were being pursued.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

With private firms entering the space domain, [[Bellatrix Aerospace]] became the first commercial firm to bring out commercial Hall-effect thrusters. The current{{When|date=November 2024}} model of the thruster uses xenon as fuel. Tests were carried out at the spacecraft propulsion research laboratory in the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bengaluru]]. Heaterless cathode technology was used to increase the system's lifespan and redundancy. Bellatrix Aerospace had previously developed the first commercially available [[microwave electrothermal thruster]], for which the company received an order from ISRO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/bellatrix-aerospace-test-fires-indias-first-commercial-hall-thruster/|title=Spacetech Startup Bellatrix Aerospace Test Fires India's First Privately Built Hall Thruster|first=Kushagr|last=Gautam|date=28 May 2021}}</ref> The ARKA-series of HET was launched on [[PSLV-C55]] mission. It was successfully tested on [[POEM-2]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2023 |title=Space startup Bellatrix to test electric propulsion for satellites on-board PSLV |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/space-startup-bellatrix-to-test-electric-propulsion-for-satellites-on-board-pslv/articleshow/99666830.cms?from=mdr |access-date=17 October 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>