Editing Gynaecology (section)

=== Modern Gynaecology ===
As medical institutions continued to expand in the 18th-19th centuries, the authority of midwives was further challenged by men involving themselves in women's health practices and research.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Owens |first=Deirdre Cooper |title=Medical Bondage Race, Gender, and the Origins of American Gynecology |publisher=University of Georgia Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780820353036 |location=Athens |publication-date=2017-11-15 |pages=15–18 |language=English}}</ref> The formalization of midwifery training by male doctors and advancements in medical knowledge of women's health and anatomy was seen during this period. Figures such as [[William Smellie (obstetrician)|William Smellie]], [[William Hunter (anatomist)|William Hunter]], [[Paul Zweifel]], Franz Karl Naegele, and [[Carl Siegmund Franz Credé|Carl Crede]] contributed to understanding of childbirth and women's health in Europe.<ref name=":0" /> In the early 18th and 19th century United States, the field of gynecology held close ties to slavery and the Black women's reproduction. Figures such as Henry Campbell and Robert Campbell worked as genealogical surgeons on enslaved women, publishing their work in accredited medical journals that while advanced gynecological knowledge, simultaneously laid the foundation for medical racism, medical ethics atrocities, and discrimination that fueled the justification of slavery.<ref name=":1" /> Others, such as Dr. [[Mary Putnam Jacobi]], challenged the exclusion of women from medical education and shifted gynaecology to a scientific practice.<ref>Morantz-Sanchez, R. (1985). ''Sympathy and Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine''. Oxford University Press.</ref>

By the early 20th century, the American Gynecological Society was founded (1876), and later the [[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] (1951). There was also advances in antiseptic techniques, anesthesia, and diagnostic tools, like the Pap smear, which transformed gynaecological care.<ref>Briggs, L. (2002). ''Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico''. University of California Press.</ref> However, [[medical racism]] continued with forced sterilizations and eugenic policies that disproportionately targeted minorities. Currently, healthcare focusing on [[informed consent]], culturally competent care, and health equity.