Editing Gymnastics (section)

===Artistic gymnastics===
{{Main|Artistic gymnastics}}
[[File:Nadia Comăneci Montreal1976f.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nadia Comăneci]] in 1976. The artistry and grace of Comăneci and Soviet gymnast [[Olga Korbut]] gave the sport global popularity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lost art: Powerhouse physiques winning out over spellbinding grace |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/13184916.lost-art-powerhouse-physiques-winning-spellbinding-grace/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|Herald Scotland]]|quote=Unlike Nadia Comaneci and Olga Korbut, modern gymnasts such as Simone Biles are rewarded for their athleticism more than their artistry... the spellbinding artistry that not only gave the sport its name but brought it global fame.}}</ref>]]

Artistic gymnastics is usually divided into men's and women's gymnastics. Men compete on six events: [[Floor (gymnastics)|floor exercise]], [[pommel horse]], [[still rings]], [[Vault (gymnastics)|vault]], [[parallel bars]], and [[horizontal bar]], while women compete on four: vault, [[uneven bars]], [[balance beam]], and floor exercise. In some countries, women at one time competed on the rings, horizontal bar, and parallel bars (for example, in the 1950s in the [[USSR]]).

In 2006, FIG introduced a new point system for artistic gymnastics.<ref name="usagym.org"/> Unlike the old code of points, in which there was a maximum [[Perfect 10 (gymnastics)|10.0 score]], there are two separate scores that are added to produce the final score. The first is the execution score, which starts at 10 and has deductions taken for execution mistakes, and the second is the difficulty score, which is open-ended and based on what elements the gymnasts perform. It may be lower than the intended difficulty score if the gymnast does not perform or complete all the skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be connected to another. Scoring for national developmental levels or outside of the FIG competition system may continue to use the 10.0 system; for example, [[NCAA Gymnastics|US women's collegiate gymnastics]] still uses the 10.0 system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grimsley |first=Elizabeth |date=5 January 2013 |title=Gymnastics 101: What to know about scoring, rankings and more before the next GymDog meet |url=https://www.redandblack.com/sports/gymnastics-what-to-know-about-scoring-rankings-and-more-before/article_1008352e-56bd-11e2-b46e-0019bb30f31a.html |access-date=7 October 2019 |website=The Red and Black |language=en}}</ref>

====Competitive events for women in artistic gymnastics====
[[File:PIked Tsukahara L9 Reginals.jpg|thumb|upright|Piked [[Tsukahara (vault)|Tsukahara vault]]]]

=====Vault=====
{{Main|Vault (gymnastics)}}
In the vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a {{convert|25|m|ft}} runway, to take off onto a vault board (or perform a roundoff or handspring entry onto a vault board). They then land momentarily inverted on the hands-on the vaulting horse or vaulting table (pre-flight segment) and propel themselves forward or backward off that platform to a two-footed landing (post-flight segment). The post-flight segment may include one or more saltos, or twisting movements. A round-off entry vault, called a [[Yurchenko (vault)|Yurchenko]], is a commonly performed vault in the higher levels of women's gymnastics. Other vaults include taking off from the vault board with both feet at the same time and either doing a front handspring or round-off onto the vaulting table.

In 2001, the traditional vaulting horse was replaced with a new apparatus, sometimes known as a tongue, horse, or vaulting table. The new apparatus is more stable, wider, and longer than the older vaulting horse, approximately {{Convert|1|m|ft}} in length and {{Convert|1|m|ft}} in width, giving gymnasts a larger blocking surface. This apparatus is thus considered safer than the vaulting horse used in the past. With the addition of this new, safer vaulting table, gymnasts are attempting more difficult vaults.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vault: Everything You Need to know about Vault |work=About.com Sports |url=http://gymnastics.about.com/od/gymnasticsapparatus/p/watchingvault.htm |access-date=4 October 2009 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413034433/http://gymnastics.about.com/od/gymnasticsapparatus/p/watchingvault.htm }}</ref>

[[File:Skubik on Uneven Bars 2006.JPG|thumb|Gymnast on uneven bars]]

=====Uneven bars=====
{{Main|Uneven bars}}
On the uneven bars, gymnasts perform a timed routine on two parallel horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of [[fiberglass]] covered in wood [[laminate]] to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The height of the bars may be adjusted by {{Convert|5|cm|in}} to the size needed by individual gymnasts, although the distance between bars cannot be changed for individual gymnasts in elite competition. 

In the past, the uneven parallel bars were closer together. The bars have been moved increasingly further apart, allowing gymnasts to perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves that may pass over, under, and between the two bars. At the elite level, movements must pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the uneven bars using a [[Springboard (gymnastics)|springboard]] or a small mat, and they may use [[MgCO3|chalk (MgCO<sub>3</sub>)]] and [[Grip (gymnastics)|grips]] (a leather strip with holes for fingers to protect hands and improve performance) when performing this event. The chalk helps take the moisture out of gymnasts' hands to decrease friction and prevent rips (tears to the skin of the hands); dowel grips help gymnasts grip the bar.

=====Balance beam=====
[[File:Dorina Böczögő, balance beam, 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Dorina Böczögő]] performing a one-arm press hold during her balance beam mount, 2013]]
{{Main|Balance beam}}
The gymnast performs a choreographed routine of up to 90 seconds in length consisting of leaps, acrobatic skills, somersaults, turns, and dance elements on a padded beam. The beam is {{convert|125|cm|ftin}} above the ground, {{convert|5|m|ftin}} long, and {{convert|10.16|cm|in}} wide.<ref name=dimensions>{{cite web |title=Apparatus Norms |url=http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1540 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]] |page=II/51 |access-date=4 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219195725/http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1540 |archive-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> It can also be adjusted, to be raised higher or lower.

=====Floor=====
[[File: Double ring leap.jpg|thumb|upright|Gymnast doing a stag leap on floor exercise]]
{{Main|Floor (gymnastics)}}
The event in gymnastics performed on the floor is called floor exercise. In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats. The floor event now occurs on a carpeted {{Convert|12|m|ft}} x {{Convert|12|m|ft}} square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of [[plywood]], which is supported by springs generally called a spring floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve greater height and a softer landing after the composed skill. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine to music (without words) for up to 90 seconds. The routine should consist of tumbling passes, series of jumps, leaps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or pivots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling passes, each of which usually includes at least one flight element without hand support.<ref>{{cite web |title=WAG Code of Points 2009–2012 |url=http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1258 |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]] |page=29 |access-date=2 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219204732/http://figdocs.lx2.sportcentric.com/external/serve.php?document=1258 |archive-date=19 December 2011}}</ref>

====Competitive events for men in artistic gymnastics====
=====Floor=====
{{Main|Floor (gymnastics)}}
Male gymnasts also perform on a {{Convert|12|m|ft}} x {{Convert|12|m|ft}} spring floor. A series of tumbling passes are performed to demonstrate flexibility, strength, and balance. Strength skills include circles, scales, and press handstands. Men's floor routines usually have multiple passes that have to total between 60 and 70 seconds and are performed without music, unlike the women's event. Rules require that male gymnasts touch each corner of the floor at least once during their routine.

[[File:Christopher Cameron, 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Chris Cameron (gymnast)|Chris Cameron]] on the pommel horse]]

=====Pommel horse=====
{{Main|Pommel horse}}
The pommel horse consists of a horizontal body with two pommels, or handles. Gymnasts perform by using their hands to support themselves on the horse. A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single-leg and double-leg work. Single-leg skills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels. Double leg work, however, is the main staple of this event. The gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise or counterclockwise depending on preference) and performs such skills on all parts of the apparatus. To make the exercise more challenging, gymnasts often include variations on a typical circling skill by turning (moores and spindles) or by straddling their legs (flares). Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount, either by swinging his body over the horse or landing after a handstand variation.

=====Still rings=====
{{Main|Rings (gymnastics)}}
[[File:Internationaux de France 2018 - GOBAUX Julien 01.jpg|thumb|[[Julien Gobaux]] performing on the rings]]
The rings are suspended on wire cable from a point {{convert|5.75|m}} from the floor. The gymnast grips the rings and must perform a routine demonstrating balance, strength, power, and dynamic motion while preventing the rings themselves from swinging. At least one static strength move is required, but some gymnasts may include two or three. A routine ends with a dismount.

=====Vault=====
{{Main|Vault (gymnastics)}}
Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of {{convert|25|m|ft}} runway in length, before hurdling onto a springboard. They then land momentarily inverted on the hands-on the vaulting horse or vaulting table (pre-flight segment) and propel themselves forward or backward off that platform to a two-footed landing (post-flight segment). In advanced gymnastics, multiple twists and somersaults may be added in the post-flight segment before landing. Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run, the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, how well they stuck the landing, and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults.

=====Parallel bars=====
{{Main|Parallel bars}}
Men perform on two bars set in parallel by executing a series of swings, balances, and releases that require great strength and coordination. The width between the bars is adjustable depending upon the actual needs of the gymnasts, and the bars are usually {{Convert|2|m|ft}} high.

=====Horizontal bar=====
{{Main|Horizontal bar}}
A {{Convert|2.8|cm|in}} thick steel bar raised {{Convert|2.5|m|ft}} is raised the landing area. The gymnast holds on to the bar and performs giant swings or ''giants'' (forward or backward revolutions around the bar in the handstand position), release skills, twists, and changes of direction. By using the momentum from giants and then releasing at the proper point, enough height can be achieved for spectacular dismounts, such as a triple-back salto. [[Grip (gymnastics)|Leather grips]] are usually used to help maintain a grip on the bar, and to prevent rips. While training for this event, straps are often used to ensure that the gymnasts do not fall off the bar as they are learning new skills.