Editing Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (section)

==Heroin trafficking==
As the Soviet-Afghan War was coming to its end, Hekmatyar used the funds and weapons provided to him by the CIA and ISI to establish his organization as one of the leading [[heroin]] producers in the Middle East.{{refn|name=Op01|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Thomas H.|author-link=Thomas Howard Johnson|editor-last1=Giraldo|editor-first1=Jeanne K.|chapter=Financing Afghan Terrorism: Thugs, Drugs & Creative Movements of Money|editor-last2=Trinkunas|editor-first2=Harold A.|title=Terrorism Financing and State Responses: A Comparative Perspective |date=2007 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, CA |isbn=9780804755665 |pages=106–110 |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=10507}}</ref><ref name=McCstim04/><ref name=Haq96>{{cite journal |last1=Haq |first1=Ikramul |title=Pak-Afghan Drug Trade in Historical Perspective |journal=[[Asian Survey]]|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|date=1 October 1996 |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=945–963 |doi=10.2307/2645627|jstor=2645627 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1-link=Sankar Sen (police officer) |last1=Sen |first1=Sankar |title=Heroin Trafficking in the Golden Crescent |journal=The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles |date=July 1992 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=251–256 |doi=10.1177/0032258x9206500310|s2cid=149222594 }}</ref><ref name=Felb06/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chambliss |first1=William J.|author-link=William Chambliss|title=Power, Politics, and Crime |date=2001 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780367096267 |page=108 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Power-Politics-And-Crime/Chambliss/p/book/9780813334875}}</ref>}} Hekmatyar first became involved in the narcotics trade in the summer of 1988, as it became apparent that the Soviets were intending to withdraw. Initially becoming involved in trafficking opium, Hekmatyar's was the first of the mujahideen groups to establish and operate heroin production factories in the region.<ref name=Felb06>{{cite journal |last1=Felbab-Brown|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|first1=Vanda |title=Kicking the Opium Habit?: Afghanistan's Drug Economy and Politics since the 1980s: Analysis |journal=Conflict, Security & Development |date=June 2006 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=127–149 |doi=10.1080/14678800600739135|s2cid=153941368 }}</ref><ref name=McCstim04/> Hekmatyar's involvement in the production and distribution of illegal narcotics became a subject of diplomatic embarrassment for the [[United States Foreign Service]].<ref name=Haq96/> The CIA officer with responsibility for its operations in Afghanistan at the time, [[Charles Cogan]], said "Every situation has its fallout...There was fallout in terms of drugs, yes. But the main objective was accomplished."<ref name=McCstim04>{{cite book |last1=McCoy |first1=Alfred |author-link=Alfred W. McCoy|editor-last1=Steinberg|editor-first1=Michael K.|editor-last2=Hobbs|editor-first2=Joseph J.|editor-last3=Mathewson|editor-first3=Kent|chapter=The Stimulus of Prohibition: A Critical History of the Global Narcotics Trade|title=Dangerous Harvest: Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes |date=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195143201 |page=55 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/dangerous-harvest-9780195143201?cc=fr&lang=en&}}</ref>