Editing Gujarat (section)

=== Medieval history ===
In the early 8th century, the [[Arabs]] of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] established an empire in the name of the rising religion of [[Islam]], which stretched from [[Spain]] in the west to [[Afghanistan]] and modern-day [[Pakistan]] in the east. Al-Junaid, the successor of [[Muhammad ibn Qasim|Qasim]], finally subdued the Hindu resistance within [[Sindh]] and established a secure base. The Arab rulers tried to expand their empire southeast, which culminated in the [[Caliphate campaigns in India]] fought in 730; they were defeated and expelled west of the [[Indus]] river, probably by a coalition of the Indian rulers [[Nagabhata I]] of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] dynasty, [[Vikramaditya II]] of the [[Chalukya]] dynasty and [[Bappa Rawal]] of the [[Guhila dynasty]]. After this victory, the Arab invaders were driven out of Gujarat. General [[Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin|Pulakeshin]], a Chalukya prince of [[Lata (region)|Lata]], received the title ''Avanijanashraya'' (refuge of the people of the earth) and honorific of "Repeller of the unrepellable" by the Chalukya emperor [[Vikramaditya II]] for his victory at the battle at [[Navsari]], where the Arab troops suffered a crushing defeat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blankinship |first=Khalid Yahya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNGq6sU-xbgC&pg=PA187 |title=The end of the jihād state : the reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1828-4 |location=Albany |page=189 |quote=The Syrian troops became increasingly reluctant to serve on the ill-omened Indian front, which seemed, after so many failures, to be well on its way to becoming the worst front. |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNGq6sU-xbgC&pg=PA187 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the late 8th century, the Kannauj Triangle period started. The three major Indian dynasties – the northwestern Indian Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, the southern Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] and the eastern Indian [[Pala Empire]] {{ndash}} dominated India from the 8th to 10th centuries. During this period the northern part of Gujarat was ruled by the northern Indian Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty and the southern part of Gujarat was ruled by the southern Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]].<ref name="ReferenceC">Ancient India by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar p. 366</ref> However, the earliest epigraphical records of the Gurjars of [[Bharuch|Broach]] attest that the royal bloodline of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty of [[Gurjaras of Lata|Dadda I, II and III]] (650–750) ruled south Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manjulal Ranchholdlal Majmudar |title=Historical and cultural chronology of Gujarat, Volume 1 |publisher=Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda |year=1960 |page=147}}</ref> Southern Gujarat was ruled by the Indian [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] until it was captured by the Indian ruler [[Tailapa II]] of the [[Western Chalukya Empire]].<ref name="Gajrani 32">History, Religion and Culture of India, by S. Gajrani p.32</ref>

[[Zoroastrians in Iran|Zoroastrians]] from [[Greater Iran]] migrated to the western borders of India (Gujarat and [[Sindh]]) during the 8th or 10th century,<ref name="Hodivala 1920 88">{{harvnb|Hodivala|1920|p=88}}</ref> to avoid [[Persecution of Zoroastrians|persecution]] by Muslim invaders who were in the process of conquering Iran. The descendants of those Zoroastrian refugees came to be known as the [[Parsi]].<ref name="boy148">{{harvnb|Boyce|2001|p=148}}</ref><ref name="khan17">{{harvnb|Khanbaghi|2006|p=17}}</ref><ref name="jack">{{harvnb|Jackson|1906|p=27}}</ref><ref name="bleek212">{{harvnb|Bleeker|Widengren|1971|p=212}}</ref>

Subsequently, [[Lata (region)|Lāṭa]] in southern Gujarat was ruled by the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]] until it was captured by the [[Western Chalukyas|Western Chalukya]] ruler [[Tailapa II]].<ref name="Gajrani 32" /><ref name="Wink1991">{{Cite book |last=André Wink |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA283 |title=Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2 |publisher=BRILL |year=1991 |isbn=978-90-04-09509-0 |pages=283 |access-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304110046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA283 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Chaulukya dynasty<ref name="horace_glossary_punjab_nwfp">{{Cite book |last1=Rose |first1=Horace Arthur |title=Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province |last2=Ibbetson |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-206-0505-3 |page=300}}</ref> ruled the Kingdom of Gujarat from 960 to 1243. Gujarat was a major center of Indian Ocean trade, and their capital at [[Anhilwara]] ([[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]) was one of the largest cities in India, with a population estimated at 100,000 in the year 1000. After 1243, the Solankis lost control of Gujarat to their feudatories, of whom the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] chiefs of [[Dholka]] came to rule the Kingdom of Gujarat. In 1292, the Vaghelas became tributaries of the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] dynasty of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Devagiri]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Karandev of the [[Vaghela dynasty]] was the last Hindu ruler of Gujarat. He was defeated and overthrown by the superior forces of [[Alauddin Khalji]] from Delhi in 1297. With his defeat, Gujarat became part of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], and the Rajput hold over Gujarat would never be restored.

Fragments of printed cotton from Gujarat have been discovered in Egypt, providing evidence for medieval trade in the western Indian Ocean.<ref name=Barnes2017/> These fragments represent the Indian cotton traded in Egypt during the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]], [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] and [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] periods, from the tenth to sixteenth centuries. Similar cotton was also traded as far east as Indonesia.<ref name="Barnes2017">{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Ruth |year=2017 |title=Indian Cotton for Cairo: The Royal Ontario Museum's Gujarati Textiles and the Early Western Indian Ocean Trade |journal=Textile History |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=15–30 |doi=10.1080/00404969.2017.1294814 |issn=0040-4969 |s2cid=194752057}}</ref>

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Sun Temple Panorama.jpg|caption1=[[Sun Temple, Modhera|Sun Temple of Modhera]], with [[stepwell]] surrounding the ''[[Temple tank|kunda]]'' (tank), was built by [[Bhima I]], King of Gujarat in 1026. It is one of the finest examples of [[History of stepwells in Gujarat|stepwell architecture of Gujarat]].
| image2 = Rani ki vav1.jpg|caption2=[[Rani ki vav]], 11th century
| image3 = Tarangaji Jain temple.jpg|caption3=[[Taranga Jain temple]] constructed by [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] (1143–1172)
}}