Editing Guinea (section)

=== Colony ===
European traders competed for the cape trade from the 17th century onward and made inroads earlier.<ref>"John Lovell". in ''The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1558–1603'', ed. P.W. Hasler, 1981. [http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/lovell-john History of Parliament Online website] Retrieved 25 September 2021.</ref><ref>"America and West Indies: October 1653." ''Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies'': Volume 1, 1574–1660. Ed. W Noel Sainsbury. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1860. 409–410. [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/colonial/america-west-indies/vol1/pp409-410 British History Online website] Retrieved 25 September 2021.</ref> Guinea's colonial period began with French military penetration into the area, and its establishment as a colony on 17 December 1891.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Guinea - Guinea - French Colony |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/africa/gn-history-2.htm |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> As a result of various troubles, France occupied Timbo, the capital of Fouta, in 1896, and a definitive treaty was signed in 1897. The defeat of the armies of [[Samori Touré]], Mansa (or Emperor) of the [[Ouassoulou]] state and leader of Malinké descent, in 1898 gave France control of what today is Guinea and adjacent areas. The boundaries of the South Rivers were fixed in 1899.<ref name=":2" />

France negotiated Guinea's present boundaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the British for [[Sierra Leone]], the Portuguese for their Guinea colony (now [[Guinea-Bissau]]), and [[Liberia]]. Under the French, the country formed the [[French Guinea|Territory of Guinea]] within [[French West Africa]], administered by a governor general resident in [[Dakar]]. Lieutenant governors administered the individual colonies, including Guinea.

[[File:Ahmed Sékou Touré na obisku v Ljubljani 1961 (3).jpg|thumb|President [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]] was supported by Communist states and, in 1961, visited [[Yugoslavia]].]]
In 1958, the [[French Fourth Republic]] collapsed due to political instability and its failures in dealing with its colonies, especially [[Indochina]] and [[Algeria]]. The [[French Fifth Republic]] gave the colonies the choice of [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] in a new [[French Community]] or immediate independence in the [[1958 Guinean constitutional referendum|referendum]] of 28 September 1958. Guinea voted overwhelmingly for independence. It was led by [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]], whose [[Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally]] (PDG) had won 56 of 60 seats in the 1957 territorial elections.

The French later withdrew, and on 2 October 1958, Guinea proclaimed itself a sovereign and independent republic, with Sékou Touré as president. Later, [[Opération Persil]] was planned by [[Jacques Foccart]]; they planned to create large quantities of forged [[Guinean franc]]s to [[Hyperinflation|hyperinflate]] Guinea's economy and to arm Touré's opposition figures.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gladstein |first1=Alex |last2=Keita |first2=Mohamed |date=2024-10-16 |title=Macron Isn't So Post-Colonial After All |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/08/03/macron-france-cfa-franc-eco-west-central-africa-colonialism-monetary-policy-bitcoin/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> However, the operation was leaked, and soon, the Guinean was issuing a number of official complaints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Gatt |first=Louise |date=2018-12-20 |title=La déstabilisation en Afrique : opérations secrètes pour la préservation du "pré carré" africain francophone |trans-title=Destabilization in Africa: Secret Operations for the Preservation of the French-speaking African "Private Preserve" |url=https://www.isd.sorbonneonu.fr/blog/la-destabilisation-en-afrique-operations-secretes/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Le blog d'ISD |language=fr-FR}}</ref>