Editing Gruyère cheese (section)

== Legal protection ==
[[File:Gruyere_suisse_meules_MIN_Rungis.jpg|thumb|upright|Rounds of Swiss Gruyère cheese on sale in a wholesale food market in France]]

===Switzerland===
In 2001, Gruyère gained the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (now designated [[Appellation d'origine protégée (Switzerland)|Appellation d'origine protégée]]) status. Since then, the production and the maturation have been strictly defined, and all Swiss Gruyère producers must follow these rules.

===France===
Although Gruyère is recognised as a Swiss Geographical Indication in the EU,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.tmdn.org/giview/gi/EUGI00269900767|title=Gruyère|work=European Union|accessdate=26 September 2021}}</ref> Gruyère of French origin is also protected as a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) in the EU.<ref name=":0" /> To avoid confusion, the EU PGI Gruyère must indicate that it comes from France and must make sure it cannot be confused with Gruyère from Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web|work=European Union|accessdate=26 September 2021|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32013R0110|title=Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 110/2013 of 6 February 2013 entering a name in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications [Gruyère (PGI)]}}</ref> It, therefore, is generally sold as "French Gruyère".

French Gruyère may be produced in an area much larger than the Swiss AOP area. The PGI documentation also requires that French Gruyère has holes "ranging in size from that of a pea to a cherry", a significant departure from the Swiss original. Peter Ungphakorn, a Swiss local and an international trade expert, comments that the French [[Comté cheese]] could be a closer match to the Swiss version.<ref name=Ungphakorn>{{cite web |last1=Ungphakorn |first1=Peter |title=If Americans are confused about Gruyère cheese, blame the French |url=https://tradebetablog.wordpress.com/2022/01/13/confused-about-gruyere-blame-french/ |website=Trade β |language=en |date=13 January 2022}} <!-- Yes it is a blog, but it's former WTO Secretariat's blog --></ref>

=== United States ===
In 2021, a [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia|U.S. District Court]] ruled that the term "gruyere" had become a [[generic term]]<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Interprofession du Gruyère v. U.S. Dairy Export Council |vol=575 |reporter=F. Supp. 2d|opinion=627 |pinpoint= |court=E.D. Va. |date=December 15, 2021|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13987164477778851344
 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |quote= |postscript= }}</ref> for a certain type of cheese, and Swiss and French Gruyère producers' associations could not register it as a [[trademark]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gross|first=Jenny|date=2022-01-12|title=Is Gruyère Still Gruyère if It Doesn't Come From Gruyères?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/12/business/gruyere-cheese-us-court-ruling.html|access-date=2022-01-16|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Welch|first=John L.|title=E.D. Va. District Court Upholds TTAB Decision Finding|url=https://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/trademark/1149186/ed-va-district-court-upholds-ttab-decision-finding-gruyere-generic-for-cheese|access-date=2022-01-16|website=[[Mondaq]]}}</ref> The [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit]] affirmed that decision in March 2023.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Interprofession du Gruyère v. U.S. Dairy Export Council |vol=---|reporter=F. 4th|opinion=--- |pinpoint= |court=4th Cir. |date=March 3, 2023|url=https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/221041.p.pdf
 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |quote= |postscript= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/03/06/gruyere-cheese-court-ruling-american-french-swiss/|title= Can American-made cheese be called Gruyère? Yes, a U.S. court rules|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2023-03-06}}</ref>

Swiss Gruyère still has a protected [[certification mark]] in the US as "Le Gruyère Switzerland AOC", secured in 2013.<ref name=Ungphakorn/>

The FDA standards of identity for a "§ 133.149 Gruyere cheese" requires "small holes or eyes".<ref name=Ungphakorn/>