Editing Green Revolution (section)

=== IR8 rice and the Philippines ===
{{see also|Masagana 99}}
In 1960 during the administration of [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Carlos P. Garcia]] the Government of the Republic of the [[Philippines]] with the [[Ford Foundation]] and the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] established the [[International Rice Research Institute]] (IRRI). A [[rice]] crossing between Dee-Geo-woo-gen and Peta was done at IRRI in 1962. In 1966, one of the breeding lines became a new [[cultivar]]: [[IR8|IR8 rice]].<ref name="ir8" /> The administration of President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] made the promotion of IR8 the lynchpin of the [[Masagana 99]] program, along with a credit program.<ref name="BillGanzel">{{Cite web |url=http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/crops_17.html |title=The Development of "Miracle Rice" Varieties |last=Ganzel |first=Bill |date=2007 |website=Wessels Living History Farm |publisher=Ganzel Group |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605030808/http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/crops_17.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The new variety required the use of fertilizers and pesticides but produced substantially higher yields than the traditional cultivars. Annual rice production in the Philippines increased from 3.7 to 7.7&nbsp;million tons in two decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/13472/en |title=Rice paddies |publisher=FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture |access-date=20 March 2011}}</ref> The switch to IR8 rice made the Philippines a rice exporter for the first time in the 20th century,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900147,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904234658/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900147,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2007 |title=Rice of the Gods |magazine=Time |date=14 June 1968 |access-date=20 March 2011}}</ref> though imports still exceeded exports, according to data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. From 1966 to 1986, the Philippines imported around 2,679,000 metric tons and exported only 632,000 metric tons of milled rice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-30 |title=False: Philippines did not export rice after Marcos administration |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/fact-check/philippines-did-not-export-rice-after-marcos-administration/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Rappler}}</ref> By 1980, however, problems with the credit scheme rendered the loans accessible only to rich landowners while leaving poor farmers in debt.
<ref name="Esguerra1980">{{Cite web |last=Esguerra |first=E.F. |date=1980 |title=Some notes on the Masagana 99 [rice] program and small farmer access to credit [Philippines] |url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=XB8310418 |access-date=19 September 2017 |website=Philippine Sociological Review (Philippines)}}</ref> The program was also noted to have become a vehicle of political patronage.<ref name="Davidson">{{Cite journal |last=Davidson |first=Jamie S. |date=2016-01-02 |title=Why the Philippines Chooses to Import Rice |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=100–122 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2015.1129184 }}</ref><ref name="MiguelPaoloJoelandLarah">{{Cite news |last1=Reyes |first1=Miguel Paolo P. |last2=Ariate |first2=Joel F. Jr. |last3=Del Mundo |first3=Lara Vinda |title='Success' of Masagana 99 all in Imee's head - UP researchers |language=en |publisher=Vera Files |url=https://www.verafiles.org/articles/success-masagana-99-all-imees-head-researchers |url-status=live |access-date=2020-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524143622/https://www.verafiles.org/articles/success-masagana-99-all-imees-head-researchers |archive-date=2020-05-24}}</ref><ref name="Tadem2015">{{Cite web|last=Tadem|first=Eduardo C.|date=2015-09-02|title=Marcoses should apologize to Filipino farmers|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/88150/marcoses-should-apologize-to-filipino-farmers|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Inquirer|language=en}}</ref>