Editing Grand Teton National Park (section)

===Organized exploration and settlement===
[[File:Teton Range from the west 1872.jpg|thumb|right|upright|"The Three Tetons" as seen from west of the Teton Range by members of the Hayden Geological Survey of 1872. One of the earliest photographs of the Teton Range taken by William Henry Jackson in 1872.]]
{{Main|Historical buildings and structures of Grand Teton National Park}}

The first U.S. Government-sponsored expedition to enter Jackson Hole was the 1859–60 [[Raynolds Expedition]]. Led by U.S. Army Captain [[William F. Raynolds]] and guided by mountain man [[Jim Bridger]], it included naturalist [[Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden|F. V. Hayden]], who later led other expeditions to the region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chittenden|first=Hiram Martin|title=The Yellowstone National Park Historical and Descriptive|date=April 1, 2005|publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC|isbn=978-1-4179-0456-3|page=56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=My54IVh_QpMC&pg=PA56|access-date=January 14, 2012}}</ref> The expedition had been charged with exploring the Yellowstone region, but encountered difficulties crossing mountain passes due to snow. Bridger ended up guiding the expedition south over Union Pass then following the [[Gros Ventre River]] drainage to the Snake River and leaving the region over Teton Pass.<ref name=baldwin>{{cite web|last=Baldwin |first=Kenneth H. |title=Terra Incognita: The Raynolds Expedition of 1860 |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/baldwin/chap2.htm |work=Enchanted Enclosure The Army Engineers and Yellowstone National Park |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=January 14, 2012 |date=November 15, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203014123/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/baldwin/chap2.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2009 }}</ref> Organized exploration of the region was halted during the American Civil War but resumed when F. V. Hayden led the well-funded [[Hayden Geological Survey of 1871]]. In 1872, Hayden oversaw explorations in Yellowstone, while a branch of his expedition known as the Snake River Division was led by James Stevenson and explored the Teton region. Along with Stevenson was photographer [[William Henry Jackson]] who took the first photographs of the Teton Range.<ref name=jackson/> The Hayden Geological Survey named many of the mountains and lakes in the region.<ref name=daugherty2>{{cite web|last=Daugherty |first=John |title=Explorers and Scientists |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs4a.htm |work=A Place Called Jackson Hole |publisher=Grand Teton Natural History Association |access-date=January 14, 2012 |date=July 24, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323062532/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs4a.htm |archive-date=March 23, 2010 }}</ref> The explorations by early mountain men and subsequent expeditions failed to identify any sources of economically viable mineral wealth. Nevertheless, small groups of prospectors set up claims and mining operations on several of the creeks and rivers. By 1900 all organized efforts to retrieve minerals had been abandoned.<ref name=daugherty3>{{cite web|last=Daugherty |first=John |title=Prospectors and Miners |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs5.htm |work=A Place Called Jackson Hole |publisher=Grand Teton Natural History Association |access-date=January 14, 2012 |date=July 24, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108013651/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs5.htm |archive-date=November 8, 2012 }}</ref>
Though the Teton Range was never permanently inhabited, pioneers began settling in the Jackson Hole valley to the east of the range in 1884.<ref name=pitcher>{{cite book|last=Pitcher|first=Don|title=Yellowstone and Grand Teton: Including Jackson Hole|date=May 5, 2009|publisher=Avalon Travel Publishing|isbn=978-1-59880-160-6|page=157|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPKRLRQ2lYkC&pg=PA157|access-date=January 14, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> These earliest [[Homestead Act|homesteaders]] were mostly single men who endured long winters, short growing seasons and rocky soils that were hard to cultivate. The region was most suited for the cultivation of hay and cattle ranching. By 1890, Jackson Hole had an estimated permanent population of 60.<ref name=daugherty4>{{cite web|last=Daugherty |first=John |title=The Pioneers: Homesteading in Jackson Role, 1884–1900 |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs6.htm |work=A Place Called Jackson Hole |publisher=Grand Teton Natural History Association |access-date=January 14, 2012 |date=July 24, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407063918/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs6.htm |archive-date=April 7, 2012 }}</ref> [[Menor's Ferry]] was built in 1892 near present-day [[Moose, Wyoming]] to provide access for wagons to the west side of the Snake River.<ref name=judge>{{cite web|last=Judge |first=Frances |title=Mountain River Men |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte/chap7.htm |work=Campfire Tales of Jackson Hole |publisher=Grand Teton Natural History Association |access-date=January 14, 2012 |date=March 27, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108014552/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte/chap7.htm |archive-date=November 8, 2012 }}</ref> Ranching increased significantly from 1900 to 1920, but a series of agricultural related economic downturns in the early 1920s left many ranchers destitute.<ref name=daugherty5>{{cite web|last=Daugherty |first=John |title=Cattle Ranchers |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs10a.htm |work=A Place Called Jackson Hole |publisher=Grand Teton Natural History Association |access-date=January 14, 2012 |date=July 24, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108201356/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs10a.htm |archive-date=November 8, 2012 }}</ref> Beginning in the 1920s, the automobile provided faster and easier access to areas of natural beauty and old military roads into Jackson Hole over Teton and Togwotee Passes were improved to accommodate the increased vehicle traffic. In response to the increased tourism, [[Guest ranch|dude ranches]] were established, some new and some from existing cattle ranches, so urbanized travelers could experience the life of a cowboy.<ref name=daugherty6>{{cite web|last=Daugherty |first=John |title=The Dude Wranglers |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs14.htm |work=A Place Called Jackson Hole |publisher=Grand Teton Natural History Association |access-date=January 14, 2012 |date=July 24, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417003645/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/grte2/hrs14.htm |archive-date=April 17, 2009 }}</ref>