Editing Grand Canyon (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of the Grand Canyon area}}
[[File:Nankoweap.JPG|thumb|[[Ancestral Puebloans|Ancestral Puebloan]] granaries at Nankoweap Creek]]

===Native Americans===
The [[Ancestral Puebloans]] were a Native American culture centered on the present-day [[Four Corners]] area of the United States. They were the first people known to live in the Grand Canyon area. The cultural group has often been referred to in archaeology as the Anasazi, although the term is not preferred by the modern [[Puebloan peoples]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Congress |first=The Library of |title=LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress) |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2014001391.html |access-date=December 25, 2020 |website=id.loc.gov |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920050138/https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2014001391.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The word "Anasazi" is [[Navajo language|Navajo]] for "enemy ancestors" or "alien ancestors".<ref>{{oed|Anasazi}}</ref>

Archaeologists still debate when this distinct culture emerged. The current consensus, based on terminology defined by the [[Pecos Classification]], suggests their emergence was around 1200&nbsp;{{small|[[Before Common Era|BCE]]}} during the [[Pecos Classification#Early Basketmaker II Era|Basketmaker II Era]]. Beginning with the earliest explorations and excavations, researchers have believed that the Ancestral Puebloans are ancestors of the modern [[Pueblo people]]s.<ref name="UNCO">{{cite web |url=http://hewit.unco.edu/DOHIST/puebloan/begin.htm |title=Getting Started |work=The Ancestral Puebloans |publisher=Hewit Institute, University of Northern Colorado |access-date=October 22, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709073248/http://hewit.unco.edu/dohist/puebloan/begin.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2010}}</ref>

In addition to the Ancestral Puebloans, a number of distinct cultures have inhabited the Grand Canyon area. The [[Cohonina]] lived to the west of the Grand Canyon, between 500 and 1200&nbsp;{{small|CE}}.<ref name=Tufts/><ref>{{cite web |title=Kaibab National Forest |publisher=USDA Forest Service |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/kai/recreation/historic/tusayan.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210165142/http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/kai/recreation/historic/tusayan.shtml |archive-date=February 10, 2009 |access-date=January 4, 2007}}</ref> The Cohonina were ancestors of the [[Yuman]], [[Havasupai]], and [[Hualapai]] peoples who inhabit the area today.<ref name="McGregor1951">{{cite book |last=McGregor |first=John Charles |title=The Cohonina culture of northwestern Arizona |url=https://archive.org/details/cohoninacultureo0000mcgr_x1r5 |url-access=registration |year=1951 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cohoninacultureo0000mcgr_x1r5/page/1 1–7]}}</ref>

The [[Sinagua]] were a cultural group occupying an area to the southeast of the Grand Canyon, between the [[Little Colorado River]] and the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]], between approximately 500 and 1425 {{small|CE}}. The Sinagua may have been ancestors of several [[Hopi]] clans.

By the time of the arrival of Europeans in the 16th{{nbsp}}century, newer cultures had evolved. The Hualapai inhabit a {{convert|100|mi|km|adj=on}} stretch along the pine-clad southern side of the Grand Canyon. The Havasupai have been living in the area near Cataract Canyon since the beginning of the 13th{{nbsp}}century, occupying an area the size of [[Delaware]].<ref name="Whiting">{{cite book |last=Whiting |first=A.F. |title=Havasupai Habitat |url=https://archive.org/details/havasupaihabitat0000whit |url-access=registration |location=Tucson, Arizona |publisher=University of Arizona Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0816508662}}</ref> The Southern [[Southern Paiute|Paiutes]] live in what is now southern [[Utah]] and northern Arizona. The [[Navajo people|Navajo]], or Diné, live in a wide area stretching from the [[San Francisco Peaks]] eastwards towards the Four Corners. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests the Navajo descended from the [[Athabaskan language|Athabaskan]] people near [[Great Slave Lake]], Canada, who migrated after the 11th{{nbsp}}century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Discovery of the Athabascan Origin of the Apache and Navajo Language |publisher=Watkins, Thayer – San Jose State University |url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/navajo.htm |access-date=July 30, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112211856/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/navajo.htm |archive-date=November 12, 2014 }}</ref> In the mythology of some [[Hopi Reservation#Third Mesa|Third Mesa]] Hopi communities, the Grand Canyon was the location humankind arose out of the [[Hopi mythology#Four Worlds|Third World]] from a [[sipapu]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Courlander |first1=Harold |last2=Harmon |first2=Daniel |title=The Fourth World of the Hopis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgcUguU8ajwC&q=grand+canyon+hopi+fourth+world&pg=PA214 |publisher=[[University of New Mexico Press|UNM Press]] |year=1971 |page=214 |isbn=978-0826310118 |access-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530070249/https://books.google.com/books?id=dgcUguU8ajwC&q=grand+canyon+hopi+fourth+world&pg=PA214#v=snippet&q=grand%20canyon%20hopi%20fourth%20world&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

===European arrival and settlement===

====Spanish explorers====
[[File:La conquista del Colorado.jpg|thumb|''La conquista del Colorado'' (2017), by [[Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau]], depicts [[Francisco Vázquez de Coronado]]'s 1540–1542 expedition. [[García López de Cárdenas]] can be seen overlooking the Grand Canyon.]]

In September 1540, under orders from the [[conquistador]] [[Francisco Vázquez de Coronado]] to search for the fabled [[Seven Cities of Cibola]], Captain [[García López de Cárdenas]], along with Hopi guides and a small group of Spanish soldiers, traveled to the south rim of the Grand Canyon between Desert View and Moran Point. Pablo de Melgrossa, Juan Galeras, and a third soldier descended some one third of the way into the canyon until they were forced to return because of lack of water. In their report, they noted that some of the rocks in the canyon were "bigger than the great tower of Seville, [[Giralda]]".<ref name="greatabyss">{{cite book |first=Page |last=Stegner |title=Grand Canyon, The Great Abyss |url=https://archive.org/details/grandcanyongreat00steg |url-access=registration |year=1994 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0062585646 |page=[https://archive.org/details/grandcanyongreat00steg/page/25 25]}}</ref> It is speculated that their Hopi guides likely knew routes to the canyon floor, but may have been reluctant to lead the Spanish to the river. No Europeans visited the canyon again for more than two hundred years.

Fathers [[Francisco Atanasio Domínguez]] and [[Silvestre Vélez de Escalante]] were two Spanish priests who, with a group of Spanish soldiers, [[Domínguez–Escalante expedition|explored southern Utah]] and traveled along the north rim of the canyon in Glen and Marble Canyons in search of a route from [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] to California in 1776. They eventually found a crossing, formerly known as the "Crossing of the Fathers", that today lies under [[Lake Powell]].

Also in 1776, Fray Francisco Garces, a Franciscan missionary, spent a week near Havasupai unsuccessfully attempting to convert a band of Native Americans to Christianity. He described the canyon as "profound".<ref name="greatabyss"/>

====American exploration====
James Ohio Pattie, along with a group of American trappers and mountain men, may have been the next European to reach the canyon, in 1826.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kroeber |first1=A. L. |last2=Kroeber |first2=Clifton B. |last3=Euler |first3=R. C. |last4=Schreoder |first4=A. H. |title=The Route of James O. Pattie on the Colorado in 1826: A Reappraisal by A. L. Kroeber |journal=Arizona and the West |date=1964 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=119–136 |jstor=40167806 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40167806 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=March 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312153309/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40167806 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm5IAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA243 |title=New light on Pattie and the southwestern fur trade |first=Joseph J. |last=Hill |journal=Southwestern Historical Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=4 |year=1923 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621211235/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm5IAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA243 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Jacob Hamblin]], a [[Mormon]] missionary, was sent by [[Brigham Young]] in the 1850s to locate suitable river crossing sites in the canyon. Building good relations with local Hualapai and white settlers, he reached the [[Crossing of the Fathers]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Canyon Club hosts presentation on Crossing of the Fathers |url=https://lakepowellchronicle.com/article/canyon-club-hosts-presentation-on-crossing-of-the-fathers |website=Lake Powell Chronicle |date=April 20, 2022 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528131426/https://lakepowellchronicle.com/article/canyon-club-hosts-presentation-on-crossing-of-the-fathers |url-status=live }}</ref> crossed the location that would become [[Lees Ferry]] on a raft in 1858<ref name="Lee">{{cite web |title=Lee's Ferry Historic Site |url=https://pagelakepowellhub.com/historic-sites/ |website=The Page-Lake Powell Hub |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=May 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519112210/https://pagelakepowellhub.com/historic-sites/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Pearce Ferry, Lake Mead|Pearce Ferry]] (later operated by, and named for, [[Joseph Pearce|Harrison Pearce]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearce Ferry |url=https://www.westernriver.com/grand-canyon-river-trip/mile-by-mile-280-pearce-ferry |website=Western River Expeditions |access-date=June 21, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630184950/https://www.westernriver.com/grand-canyon-river-trip/mile-by-mile-280-pearce-ferry |url-status=live }}</ref> He also acted as an advisor to [[John Wesley Powell]], before his second expedition to the Grand Canyon, serving as a diplomat between Powell and the local native tribes to ensure the safety of his party.<ref name="Lee"/>
[[File:GRAND CANYON OF THE COLORADO, MOUTH OF PARIA CREEK, LOOKING WEST FROM PLATUEAU - NARA - 524227.tif|left|thumb|upright|[[William Bell (photographer)|William Bell]]'s photograph of the Grand Canyon, taken in 1872 as part of the [[Wheeler Survey|Wheeler expedition]]]]

In 1857, [[Edward Fitzgerald Beale]] was superintendent of an expedition to survey a wagon road along the 35th parallel from [[Fort Defiance, Arizona]] to the Colorado River. He led a small party of men in search of water on the [[Coconino Plateau]] near the canyon's south rim. On September 19, near present-day National Canyon, they came upon what May Humphreys Stacey described in his journal as "a wonderful canyon; four thousand feet deep. Everybody in the party admitted that he never before saw anything to match or equal this astonishing natural curiosity."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stacey |first1=May Humphreys |title=Uncle Sam's camels; the journal of May Humphreys Stacey supplemented by the report of Edward Fitzgerald Beale (1857–1858) edited by Lewis Burt Lesley |date=1929 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |page=100 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000664200&view=1up&seq=122&skin=2021&q1=%22wonderful%20canyon%22 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=November 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105045750/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000664200&view=1up&seq=122&skin=2021&q1=%22wonderful%20canyon%22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Also in 1857, the U.S. [[United States Department of War|War Department]] asked Lieutenant Joseph Ives to lead an expedition to assess the feasibility of an up-river navigation from the Gulf of California. On December 31, 1857, Ives embarked from the mouth of the Colorado in the [[Paddle steamer|stern wheeler steamboat]] [[Explorer (sternwheeler)|''Explorer'']]. His party reached the lower end of Black Canyon on March 8, 1858, then continued on by rowboat past the mouth of the Virgin River after the ''Explorer'' struck a rock.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tabor |first1=C C |title=The Ives Expedition of 1858 |url=https://cawaterlibrary.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Ives-Expedition-of-1858.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826162102/https://cawaterlibrary.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Ives-Expedition-of-1858.pdf |archive-date=August 26, 2022 |url-status=live |location=El Centro, Calif. |publisher=Imperial Irrigation District |date=1968 |access-date=June 21, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Colorado Exploring Expedition (Ives Expedition) (1857–1858) |url=https://www.si.edu/object/auth_exp_fbr_EACE0014 |website=Smithsonian Institution |access-date=July 8, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708154203/https://www.si.edu/object/auth_exp_fbr_EACE0014 |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- some two months after George Johnson. who? --> Ives led his party east into the canyon&nbsp;– they may have been the first Europeans to travel the Diamond Creek drainage.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Michael F. |title=Rim to River and Inner Canyon Trails – Nature, Culture and History at the Grand Canyon |url=https://grcahistory.org/sites/rim-to-river-and-inner-canyon-trails/ |website=Grand Canyon History |publisher=Arizona State University |access-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-date=September 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904175809/https://grcahistory.org/sites/rim-to-river-and-inner-canyon-trails/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In his "Report Upon the Colorado River of the West" to the Senate in 1861 Ives states that "The marvellous story of [[Garcia Lopez de Cardenas|Cardinas]], that had formed for so long a time the only record concerning this rather mythical locality, was rather magnified than detracted from by the accounts of one or two trappers, who professed to have seen the cañon".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ives |first1=Joseph C. |title=Report Upon the Colorado River of the West |date=1861 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA21 |language=en |access-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708154203/https://books.google.com/books?id=1xIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:'Noon Day Rest in Marble Canyon' from the second Powell Expedition 1872.jpg|thumb|upright|Noon rest in [[Marble Canyon]], second Powell Expedition, 1872]]

According to the ''[[San Francisco Herald]]'', in a series of articles run in 1853, Captain Joseph R. Walker in January 1851 with his nephew James T. Walker and six men, traveled up the Colorado River to a point where it joined the Virgin River and continued east into Arizona, traveling along the Grand Canyon and making short exploratory side trips along the way. Walker is reported to have said he wanted to visit the "Moqui" (Hopi) Indians. who he had met briefly before and found exceptionally interesting.<ref name="Gilbert">{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Bil |title=Westering Man: The Life of Joseph Walker |date=1985 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0806119342 |pages=236–238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7BQjaTxHy8C&q=Moqui |access-date=July 8, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213101950/https://books.google.com/books?id=h7BQjaTxHy8C&q=Moqui |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1858, [[John Strong Newberry]] became probably the first geologist to visit the Grand Canyon.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmEgAAAAIAAJ&q=In+1858,+John+Strong+Newberry+became+the+first+geologist+to+visit+the+Grand+Canyon |title=Geomorphology before Davis |last=Chorley |first=Richard J. |year=1984 |publisher=Methuen |language=en |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530070313/https://books.google.com/books?id=cmEgAAAAIAAJ&q=In+1858,+John+Strong+Newberry+became+the+first+geologist+to+visit+the+Grand+Canyon |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1869, Major [[John Wesley Powell]] set out to explore the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon in the first expedition down the canyon. Powell ordered a shipwright to build four reinforced Whitewall rowboats from Chicago and had them shipped west on the newly completed Continental railroad.<ref name="Stojka">{{cite web |last1=Stojka |first1=Andre |title=Shipping a boat over land west in 1869 |url=https://listen2read.com/getting-boat-west-1869/ |website=Listen2Read |date=October 7, 2015 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=December 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203125439/https://listen2read.com/getting-boat-west-1869/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He hired nine men, including his brother Walter, and collected provisions for ten months. They set out from [[Green River, Wyoming]], on May 24.<ref name="Utah">{{cite web |title=Powell's 1869 Journey Down the Green and Colorado Rivers – Utah Geological Survey |url=https://geology.utah.gov/map-pub/survey-notes/powell-1869-river-journey/ |website=Utah Geological Survey |date=August 29, 2019 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813235653/https://geology.utah.gov/map-pub/survey-notes/powell-1869-river-journey/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 7, they lost one of their boats, 1/3 of their food, and other badly-needed supplies: as a result the team eventually had to subsist on starvation rations.<ref name="Howland"/> Passing through (or portaging around) a series of dangerous rapids, the group passed down the [[Green River (Colorado River tributary)|Green River]], reaching its [[confluence]] with the Colorado River, near present-day [[Moab, Utah]], on July 17. Continuing on down the Colorado River, the party encountered more rapids and falls.<ref name="Ribokas">{{cite web |last1=Ribokas |first1=Bob |title=The Powell Expedition |url=https://www.kaibab.org/kaibab.org/powell/powexp.htm |website=Grand Canyon Explorer |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=March 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308085605/http://www.kaibab.org/kaibab.org/powell/powexp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

On August 28, 1869, faced with what some felt to be impassable rapids, three men left the expedition on foot in an attempt to reach a settlement {{convert|75|mile}} away. Ironically, the remaining members went safely through the rapids on August 29, 1869, while Seneca Howland, Oramel Howland, and William H. Dunn were murdered.<ref name="Howland" /> The area through which the three men traveled was marked by tensions between farming and hunting [[Shivwits]] and incoming [[Mormon]] settlers. Which group was responsible for killing the three men has been hotly debated.<ref name="Waterman">{{cite web |last1=Waterman |first1=Jonathan |title=Seeking Hard Desert Truth |url=https://jonathanwaterman.com/media/2020/7/johnwesleypowell-expedition.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926233347/https://jonathanwaterman.com/media/2020/7/johnwesleypowell-expedition.pdf |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |url-status=live |website=jonathanwaterman.com |access-date=June 21, 2022}}</ref> Powell himself visited the area the following year, and was told (through a Mormon interpreter) that the Shivwits had mistakenly killed the men, believing them to be prospectors who had murdered an Indian woman. He chose to smoke a peace pipe with them.<ref name="Howland">{{cite news |title=Oramel G. Howland (1833–1869) Seneca B. Howland (1843–1869) William Dunn (? – 1869) |url=http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/canyon/peopleevents/pandeAMEX02.html |access-date=June 21, 2022 |work=American Experience |agency=PBS |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518015851/http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/canyon/peopleevents/pandeAMEX02.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=John Wesley Powell's Undertakings |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/john-wesley-powell-undertakings/ |access-date=June 21, 2022 |work=American Experience |agency=PBS |language=en |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530070255/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/john-wesley-powell-undertakings/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Powell went on to become the first Director of the U.S. Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution (1879–1902) and the second Director of the US Geological Survey (1881–1894).<ref>{{cite web |title=John Wesley Powell |url=https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/john-wesley-powell |website=U.S. Geological Survey |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621200807/https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/john-wesley-powell |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the first to use the term "Grand Canyon", in 1871; previously it had been called the "Big Canyon".<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grand&allowed_in_frame=0 ''Grand''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110153/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=grand&allowed_in_frame=0 |date=March 4, 2016 }}, Etymonline.com</ref>

In 1889, Frank M. Brown wanted to build a railroad along the Colorado River to carry coal. He, his chief engineer [[Robert Brewster Stanton]], and 14 others started to explore the Grand Canyon in poorly designed cedar wood boats, with no life preservers. Brown drowned in an accident near [[Marble Canyon]]: Stanton made new boats and proceeded to explore the Colorado all of the way to the [[Gulf of California]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/1508/sec4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106185414/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/1508/sec4.htm |archive-date=November 6, 2012 |work=The Geologic Story of Colorado National Monument |title=Late Arrivals |publisher=United States Geological Survey |id=Geological Survey Bulletin 1508 |access-date=November 7, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Grand Canyon became an official national monument in 1908 and a national park in 1919.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://explorethecanyon.com/explore-learn/grand-canyon-facts/ |title=Grand Canyon Facts |work=National Geographic Visitor Center, Arizona |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219170547/http://explorethecanyon.com/explore-learn/grand-canyon-facts/ |archive-date=February 19, 2016}}</ref>

====Settlers in and near the canyon====
[[File:15742 Grand Canyon Historic - David Rust Tipoff c. 1910 (4738929263).jpg|thumb | right | David Rust, {{c.|1910}}]]
* Miners: "Captain" [[John Hance]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Billingsley |first1=George |last2=Spamer |first2=Earle |title=Quest for the pillar of gold : The mines and miners of the Grand Canyon |journal=Grand Canyon Association (Monograph No. 10) |date=January 1, 1997 |url=https://www.academia.edu/36778125 |access-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213102118/https://www.academia.edu/36778125 |url-status=live }}</ref> William W. Bass,<ref>{{cite web |title=William Wallace Bass Collection |url=http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/nau/ahs_bass.xml&doc.view=print;chunk.id=0 |website=Arizona Historical Society |access-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708152555/http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/nau/ahs_bass.xml&doc.view=print;chunk.id=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Louis Boucher]] "The Hermit",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Drew |first1=Dr Daryl |title=Louis Boucher: Canadian Guide of the Grand Canyon {{!}} Canadian Cowboy Country Magazine |url=https://cowboycountrymagazine.com/2016/02/louis-boucher-canadian-guide-of-the-grand-canyon/ |access-date=July 8, 2022 |work=Cowboy Country Magazine.com |date=February 1, 2016 |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524161316/https://cowboycountrymagazine.com/2016/02/louis-boucher-canadian-guide-of-the-grand-canyon/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Seth Tanner]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Seth Tanner |url=http://www.allhikers.com/History/Seth-Tanner.htm |website=All Hikers |access-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708152605/http://www.allhikers.com/History/Seth-Tanner.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Charles Spencer,<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles Spencer collection, 1910–1920 Spencer (Charles) collection |url=http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/mna/MNA_MS023_Spencer.xml;query=ms-023;brand=default |website=Arizona Archives Online |access-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419232526/http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/mna/MNA_MS023_Spencer.xml;query=ms-023;brand=default |url-status=live }}</ref> D.W. "James" Mooney<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tunnels In Mooney Falls, Havasu Canyon |url=http://tchester.org/znet/grand_canyon/mooney.html |website=tchester.org |access-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708152555/http://tchester.org/znet/grand_canyon/mooney.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Lees Ferry: [[John Doyle Lee]], [[Emma Lee French]] (17th of John Lee's 19 wives),<ref>{{cite web |title=Lees Ferry History |url=https://www.nps.gov/glca/learn/historyculture/leesferryhistory.htm |website=Glen Canyon National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service) |access-date=July 8, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708154203/https://www.nps.gov/glca/learn/historyculture/leesferryhistory.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> James Simpson Emmett<ref>{{cite journal |last1=St. John Stott |first1=Graham |title=Zane Grey and James Simpson Emmett |journal=Brigham Young University Studies |date=1978 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=491–503 |jstor=43040779 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43040779 |access-date=July 8, 2022 |issn=0007-0106 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708152555/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43040779 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Phantom Ranch: David Rust,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Swanson |first1=Frederick H. |title=Dave Rust : a life in the canyons |date=2007 |publisher=University of Utah Press |location=Salt Lake City |isbn=978-0874809152}}</ref> [[Mary Colter]]<ref name="Berke">{{cite book |last1=Berke |first1=Arnold |title=Mary Colter, architect of the Southwest |date=2002 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1568983455}}</ref><ref name="Grattan">{{cite book |last1=Grattan |first1=Virginia L. |title=Mary Colter, builder upon the red earth |date=1992 |publisher=Northland Press |location=Grand Canyon, Arizona |isbn=978-0938216452}}</ref>
* Grand Canyon Village: [[Ralph H. Cameron]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sowards |first1=Adam M. |title=The Man Who Tried to Claim the Grand Canyon |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-man-who-tried-to-claim-the-grand-canyon/ |access-date=July 8, 2022 |work=JSTOR Daily |date=July 31, 2019 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708152700/https://daily.jstor.org/the-man-who-tried-to-claim-the-grand-canyon/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kolb Studio|Emery & Ellsworth Kolb]]<ref name="Kolb">{{cite web |title=The Kolb Brothers |url=https://library.nau.edu/speccoll/exhibits/daysofarchives/film.html |website=Northern Arizona University Library |access-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708152555/https://library.nau.edu/speccoll/exhibits/daysofarchives/film.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Federal protection: National Monument and Park====
[[File:RAILWAY STATION AND EL TOVAR HOTEL, FACING WNW Grand Canyon Village. 1994, HAER.jpg|thumb|Railway Station and [[El Tovar Hotel]], Facing WNW, [[Grand Canyon Village]]. 1994 photo, [[HAER]] ]]
[[File:Grand Canyon National Park, Fred Harvey, The Towering Cliffs above Hermit Camp (NBY 20816).jpg|thumb|[[Fred Harvey Company|Fred Harvey]] postcard, The Towering Cliffs above [[Hermit Canyon|Hermit Camp]] ]]
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the Grand Canyon in 1903. An avid outdoorsman and staunch conservationist, Roosevelt established the Grand Canyon Game Preserve on November 28, 1906. Livestock grazing was reduced, but predators such as mountain lions, eagles, and wolves were eradicated. Roosevelt along with other members of his conservation group, the [[Boone and Crockett Club]] helped form the [[National Parks Conservation Association|National Parks Association]], which in turn lobbied for the [[Antiquities Act]] of 1906 which gave Roosevelt the power to create national monuments. Once the act was passed, Roosevelt immediately added adjacent [[United States National Forest|national forest]] lands and redesignated the preserve a [[U.S. National Monument]] on January 11, 1908.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheldon |first1=Charles |title=History of the Boone and Crockett Club |url=http://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=sheldon |website=University of Montana Mansfield Library |publisher=Boone and Crockett Club |access-date=February 24, 2017 |ref=Pgs 15–57 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225133129/http://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=sheldon |archive-date=February 25, 2017}}</ref> Opponents such as land and mining claim holders blocked efforts to reclassify the monument as a [[U.S. National Park]] for 11 years. Grand Canyon National Park was finally established as the 17th U.S. National Park by an Act of Congress signed into law by President [[Woodrow Wilson]] on February 26, 1919.<ref name=Tufts>{{cite book |title=Secrets in The Grand Canyon, Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks |edition=Third |first=Lorraine Salem |last=Tufts |location=North Palm Beach, Florida |publisher=National Photographic Collections |year=1998 |pages=12–13 |isbn=978-0962025532}}</ref>

The federal government administrators who manage park resources face many challenges. These include issues related to the recent reintroduction into the wild of the highly endangered [[California condor]], air tour overflight noise levels, water rights<ref name="Denetclaw">{{cite news |last1=Denetclaw |first1=Pauly |title=Colorado River, stolen by law |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/54.3/indigenous-affairs-colorado-river-stolen-by-law |access-date=July 1, 2022 |work=High Country News |date=March 1, 2022 |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701125918/https://www.hcn.org/issues/54.3/indigenous-affairs-colorado-river-stolen-by-law/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and management disputes, and forest fire management.

The canyon's ecosystem was permanently changed after the construction of the [[Glen Canyon Dam]] in 1963. Average flood levels dropped from 85,000 to 8,000 cubic ft/sec. In the absence of natural flooding, sandbars and beaches eroded and invasive species began to displace native species. Federal officials started releasing floods in the Grand Canyon in hopes of restoring its [[ecosystem]] beginning with 1996, 2004, and 2008.<ref name="Witze"/><ref>{{cite news |first=A.L. |last=Myers |title=Three-Day Grand Canyon Flood Aims to Restore Ecosystem |agency=Associated Press |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080306-AP-grand-canyo.html |date=March 6, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080434/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080306-AP-grand-canyo.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>
In 2018, the Department of Interior started experimenting with “adaptive management” of the Glen Canyon Dam, using a High-Flow Experiment (HFE) water release to shift volumes of sand and monitoring effects such as the dispersal of invasive [[tamarisk]] seeds.<ref>{{cite web |title=On-going experiment in high-volume CO River releases from Glen Canyon Dam set {{!}} Arizona Department of Water Resources |url=https://new.azwater.gov/news/articles/2018-01-11 |website=Arizona Department of Water Resources |access-date=June 24, 2022 |date=November 1, 2018 |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702060749/https://new.azwater.gov/news/articles/2018-01-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>
However, as of 2022, extreme drought has caused water levels in Lake Powell to drop so much that a planned release of water has been delayed, to ensure that the Glen Canyon Dam can continue to generate [[hydropower]].<ref name="Hager">{{cite news |last1=Hager |first1=Alex |title=Lake Powell water level: Feds announce measures to help Glen Canyon Dam hydropower |url=https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2022/05/04/lake-powell-water-level-feds-announce-help-glen-canyon-dam-hydropower/ |access-date=June 23, 2022 |work=Cronkite News – Arizona PBS |date=May 4, 2022 |archive-date=June 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606204102/https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2022/05/04/lake-powell-water-level-feds-announce-help-glen-canyon-dam-hydropower/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between 2003 and 2011, 2,215 mining claims had been requested that are adjacent to the canyon, including claims for uranium mines.<ref name="Carus"/> Critics of uranium mining are concerned that uranium will leach into the aquifers feeding the Colorado River and contaminate the water supply for up to 18 million people.<ref name="Carus">{{cite news |title=Demand for uranium threatens Grand Canyon biodiversity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/feb/17/uranium-demand-grand-canyon-biodiversity |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Felicity |last=Carus |date=February 17, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226013923/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/feb/17/uranium-demand-grand-canyon-biodiversity |archive-date=February 26, 2017}}</ref> In 2009, U.S. Interior Secretary [[Ken Salazar]] published a Notice of Intent to suspend approvals for new uranium mining in the area.<ref name="Zinke">{{cite web |title=United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit No. 14-17350 |url=https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2017/12/12/14-17350.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728102945/http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2017/12/12/14-17350.pdf |archive-date=July 28, 2018 |url-status=live |website=United States Courts for the Ninth Circuit |access-date=June 30, 2022}}</ref> In 2012, Salazar established a 20-year moratorium (known as the "Northern Arizona Withdrawal") withdrawing {{convert|1|e6acre|km2}} from the permitting process for uranium and hardrock mining, stating "People from all over the country and around the world come to visit the Grand Canyon. Numerous American Indian tribes regard this magnificent icon as a sacred place and millions of people in the Colorado River Basin depend on the river for drinking water, irrigation, industrial and environmental use."<ref name="Salazar">{{cite news |title=Secretary Salazar Announces Decision to Withdraw Public Lands near Grand Canyon from New Mining Claims |url=https://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/Secretary-Salazar-Announces-Decision-to-Withdraw-Public-Lands-near-Grand-Canyon-from-New-Mining-Claims |access-date=June 30, 2022 |work=United States Department of the Interior |date=January 9, 2012 |language=en |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630175654/https://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/Secretary-Salazar-Announces-Decision-to-Withdraw-Public-Lands-near-Grand-Canyon-from-New-Mining-Claims |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Salazar's 20-year moratorium on new mines still allows mines with previous authorization to operate.<ref name="Salazar"/> [[File:Mather Point at Grand Canyon.jpg|left|thumb|View of Grand Canyon from Mather Point]]

Multiple challenges have been brought into court both against the moratorium and against the operation of uranium mines in the area.<ref name="Clark">{{cite news |last1=Clark |first1=Roger |title=Grand Canyon Uranium Decisions Loom Large in 2017 |url=https://www.grandcanyontrust.org/blog/grand-canyon-uranium-decisions-loom-large-2017 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |work=Grand Canyon Trust |date=January 6, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702085502/https://www.grandcanyontrust.org/blog/grand-canyon-uranium-decisions-loom-large-2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The federal government's 2012 moratorium was upheld by the U.S. District Court for Arizona in 2014, but appealed in November 2014 as ''[[National Mining Association]] v. Jewell'' (No. 14-17350).<ref>{{cite news |author1=Curtis Spicer |title=Arizona continues to push for new uranium mines near Grand Canyon |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2015/09/24/arizona-uranium-mines-grand-canyon/72741520/ |access-date=January 7, 2016 |work=The Arizona Republic |agency=Cronkite News Service |date=September 24, 2015 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530070251/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2015/09/24/arizona-uranium-mines-grand-canyon/72741520/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals again upheld the moratorium in 2017, stating that the Secretary of the Interior held valid withdrawal authority.<ref name="Zinke"/>

''Havasupai Tribe v. Provencio'' was also argued at multiple court levels based on multiple grounds. The Havasupai people and the Grand Canyon Trust sought to block the reopening of the [[Pinyon Plain Mine]] (formerly Canyon Uranium Mine). Activity at the mine had ceased in 1992, ten years prior to the moratorium on new development in 2012. Appellants challenged the U.S. Forest Service's consultation process for approving reopening of the mine. As of February 22, 2022, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the arguments in No. 20-16401, concluding that the Forest Service had not acted arbitrarily in making its decision.<ref name="Crane">{{cite news |last1=Crane |first1=Steve |title=Uranium mine near Grand Canyon permitted by court, despite mining ban |url=https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2022/02/22/uranium-mine-near-grand-canyon-permitted-by-court-despite-mining-ban/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |work=Cronkite News – Arizona PBS |date=February 23, 2022 |archive-date=July 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704034747/https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2022/02/22/uranium-mine-near-grand-canyon-permitted-by-court-despite-mining-ban/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Grzincic">{{cite news |last1=Grzincic |first1=Barbara |title=Court greenlights uranium mine in national forest |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/court-greenlights-uranium-mine-national-forest-2022-02-23/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |work=Reuters |date=February 23, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630175655/https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/court-greenlights-uranium-mine-national-forest-2022-02-23/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A study examining samples of groundwater from 180 spring sites and 26 wells in the Grand Canyon region has assessed the presence of uranium in groundwater from September 1, 1981, to October 7, 2020. The goal of the study was to establish a baseline assessment of groundwater conditions in the Grand Canyon region. At 95% of sites, maximum observed uranium concentrations were below the [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]]{{’}}s Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water, 30&nbsp;μg/L. At 86% of sites, uranium concentrations were below the Canadian level for protection of freshwater aquatic life, 15&nbsp;μg/L.<ref name="Tillman">{{cite journal |last1=Tillman |first1=Fred D. |last2=Beisner |first2=Kimberly R. |last3=Anderson |first3=Jessica R. |last4=Unema |first4=Joel A. |title=An assessment of uranium in groundwater in the Grand Canyon region |journal=Scientific Reports |date=November 16, 2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=22157 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-01621-8 |pmid=34785687 |pmc=8595346 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1122157T |language=en |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>

On August 8, 2023, it was announced that U.S. President Joe Biden will designate Baaj Nwaavjo I’tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument, a move aimed at conserving nearly 1 million acres of greater Grand Canyon landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 8, 2023 |title=Biden designates new national monument surrounding the Grand Canyon, blocking mining {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/08/politics/joe-biden-national-monument-grand-canyon/index.html |access-date=August 10, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809233955/https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/08/politics/joe-biden-national-monument-grand-canyon/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>