Editing Gracchi brothers (section)

=== Early life of the Gracchi ===

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus was born {{Circa}} 163&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Astin |year=1958 |first=A.E. |title=The Lex Annalis before Sulla |journal=Latomus |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=49–64 |jstor=41518780 |issn=0023-8856}}</ref> His younger brother Gaius was born {{Circa}} 154&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scullard |first=HH |title=From the Gracchi to Nero: a history of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68 |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-84478-6|location=London|oclc=672031526 |orig-date=1958 <!--|contribution=Foreword |contributor-last=Rathbone |contributor-first=Dominic--> |edition=4th |page=27 }}</ref> They were the sons of the [[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 177 BC)|Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus]] who had been [[Roman consul|consul]] 177{{sfn|Broughton|1951|p=397}} and 163&nbsp;BC{{sfn|Broughton|1951|p=440}} as well as  [[Roman censor|censor]] in 169&nbsp;BC.{{sfn|Broughton|1951|p=423}}<ref>For ancestry of both brothers, see {{harvnb|Zmeskal|2009|pp=246–48}}.</ref> He had [[Roman triumph|triumphed]] twice in 178 and 175&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Degrasssi |first=A |url=http://www.attalus.org/translate/fasti.html |title=Fasti Capitolini |year=1954 |publisher=J. B. Paravia |page=103 |via=Attalus.org}}</ref> Their mother was [[Cornelia (mother of the Gracchi)|Cornelia]], the daughter of the renowned general [[Scipio Africanus]], the hero of the [[Second Punic War]].{{sfn|Zmeskal|2009|p=99}} Their sister [[Sempronia (sister of the Gracchi)|Sempronia]] also was the wife of [[Scipio Aemilianus]], another important general and politician.{{sfn|Zmeskal|2009|pp=246–46}} Later Roman historians painted Cornelia as an "archetypical Roman matron", "heavily idealised and inevitably quite distance from the historical Cornelia", which may be a product of her son Gaius' own political presentation.{{sfn|Santangelo|2007|p=469}}

Tiberius' military career started in 147&nbsp;BC, serving as a [[Roman legate|legate]] or [[military tribune]] under his brother-in-law, [[Scipio Aemilianus]] during his campaign to take Carthage during the [[Third Punic War]].{{sfn|Broughton|1951|p=464}} Tiberius, along with Gaius Fannius, was among the first to scale Carthage's walls, serving through to the next year.{{sfn|Broughton|1951|pp=464, 468}} A decade later, in 137&nbsp;BC, he was [[quaestor]] under the consul [[Gaius Hostilius Mancinus]] in [[Hispania Citerior]].{{sfn|Brennan|2014|p=39}} The campaign was part of the [[Numantine War]] and was unsuccessful; Mancinus and his army lost several skirmishes outside the city before a confused night-time retreat that led them to the site of a camp from a former consular campaign in 153&nbsp;BC where they were surrounded.{{sfn|Goldsworthy|2016|p=119}} Tiberius negotiated a treaty of surrender, aided in part by his father's positive reputation built during a praetorship in 179–78&nbsp;BC; Tiberius' treaty, however, was later humiliatingly rejected by the senate after his return to Rome.{{sfn|Brennan|2014|p=42}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Gabriel David |title=Spare no one: mass violence in Roman warfare |date=2021 |isbn=978-1-5381-1220-5 |location=Lanham, Maryland |oclc=1182021748 |page=179}}</ref>