Editing Goth subculture (section)

==Art, historical and cultural influences==
The Goth subculture of the 1980s drew inspiration from a variety of sources. Some of them were modern or contemporary, others were centuries-old or ancient. Michael Bibby and Lauren M. E. Goodlad liken the subculture to a [[bricolage]].{{sfn|Goodlad|Bibby|2007}} Among the music-subcultures that influenced it were [[Punk subculture|punk]], [[New wave music|new wave]], and [[Glam rock|glam]].{{sfn|Goodlad|Bibby|2007}} But it also drew inspiration from [[B-movie]]s, [[Gothic fiction|Gothic literature]], [[horror film]]s, [[Vampire lifestyle|vampire cults]] and traditional [[mythology]]. Among the mythologies that proved influential in Goth were [[Christian mythology]] and various traditions of [[Paganism]], particularly [[Celtic mythology]].{{sfn|Goodlad|Bibby|2007}}

The figures that the movement counted among its historic canon of ancestors were equally diverse. They included the [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] (1844–1900), [[Comte de Lautréamont]] (1846–1870), [[Salvador Dalí]] (1904–1989) and [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] (1905–1980).{{sfn|Goodlad|Bibby|2007}} Writers that have had a significant influence on the movement also represent a diverse canon. They include [[Ann Radcliffe]] (1764–1823), [[John William Polidori]] (1795–1821), [[Edgar Allan Poe]] (1809–1849), [[Sheridan Le Fanu]] (1814–1873), [[Bram Stoker]] (1847–1912), [[Oscar Wilde]] (1854–1900), [[H. P. Lovecraft]] (1890–1937), [[Anne Rice]] (1941–2021), [[William Gibson]] (1948–present), [[Ian McEwan]] (1948–present), [[Storm Constantine]] (1956–2021), and [[Poppy Z. Brite]] (1967–present).{{sfn|Goodlad|Bibby|2007}}

===18th and 19th centuries===
[[File:Frontispiece to Frankenstein 1831.jpg|thumb|[[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus]]'' (1818) has come to define Gothic fiction in the [[Romanticism|Romantic period]]. [[Book frontispiece|Frontispiece]] to 1831 edition shown.]]

[[Gothic literature]] is a genre of fiction that combines romance and dark elements to produce mystery, suspense, terror, horror and the supernatural. According to David H. Richter, settings were framed to take place at "...ruinous castles, gloomy churchyards, claustrophobic monasteries, and lonely mountain roads". Typical characters consisted of the cruel parent, sinister priest, courageous victor, and the helpless heroine, along with supernatural figures such as [[demon]]s, [[vampire]]s, [[ghost]]s, and [[monster]]s. Often, the plot focused on characters ill-fated, internally conflicted, and innocently victimized by harassing malicious figures. In addition to the dismal plot focuses, the literary tradition of the gothic was to also focus on individual characters that were gradually going insane.{{sfn|Richter|1987}}

English author [[Horace Walpole]], with his 1764 novel ''[[The Castle of Otranto]]'' is one of the first writers who explored this genre. The [[American Revolutionary War]]-era "American Gothic" story of the [[Headless Horseman (Legend of Sleepy Hollow)|Headless Horseman]], immortalized in "[[The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]]" (published in 1820) by [[Washington Irving]], marked the arrival in the New World of dark, romantic storytelling. The tale was composed by Irving while he was living in England, and was based on popular tales told by colonial Dutch settlers of the [[Hudson Valley]], [[New York (state)|New York]]. The story would be [[The Headless Horseman (1922 film)|adapted to film in 1922]],{{sfn|Koszarski|1994|p=140}} in 1949 as the animated ''[[The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad]]'',<ref>"The American Film Institute, catalog of motion pictures, Volume 1, Part 1, Feature films 1941–1950, The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr Toad"</ref> and again in 1999.<ref>{{cite news | author = Roger Ebert | url = http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19991119/REVIEWS/911190303 | title = Sleepy Hollow | work = [[Chicago Sun-Times]] | date = 19 November 1999 | access-date = 1 November 2010 | author-link = Roger Ebert | archive-date = 22 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120722194140/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19991119/REVIEWS/911190303 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Throughout the evolution of the goth subculture, classic Romantic, Gothic and horror literature has played a significant role. [[E. T. A. Hoffmann]] (1776–1822), [[Edgar Allan Poe]]<ref name="theguardian.com"/> (1809–1849), [[Charles Baudelaire]] (1821–1867),<ref name="theguardian.com"/> [[H. P. Lovecraft]] (1890–1937), and other tragic and Romantic writers have become as emblematic of the subculture{{sfn|Goodlad|Bibby|2007|p=14}} as the use of dark eyeliner or dressing in black. Baudelaire, in fact, in his preface to ''[[Les Fleurs du mal]]'' (''Flowers of Evil'') penned lines that could serve as a sort of goth malediction:{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2004|p=210}}

<blockquote><poem>''C'est l'Ennui! —l'œil chargé d'un pleur involontaire,''
''Il rêve d'échafauds en fumant son houka.''
''Tu le connais, lecteur, ce monstre délicat,''
''—Hypocrite lecteur,—mon semblable,—mon frère!''

It is Boredom! — an eye brimming with an involuntary tear,
He dreams of the gallows while smoking his water-pipe.
You know him, reader, this delicate monster,
—Hypocrite reader,—my twin,—my brother!</poem></blockquote>

====Visual art influences====
[[File:John Everett Millais - Ophelia - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''[[Ophelia (painting)|Ophelia]]'' (1851) by [[John Everett Millais]]]]

The gothic subculture has influenced different artists—not only musicians—but also painters and photographers. In particular their work is based on mystic, morbid and romantic motifs. In photography and painting the spectrum varies from erotic artwork to romantic images of vampires or ghosts. There is a marked preference for dark colours and sentiments, similar to Gothic fiction. At the end of the 19th century, painters like [[John Everett Millais]] and [[John Ruskin (painting)|John Ruskin]] invented a new kind of Gothic.{{sfn|Spuybroek|2011|p=42}}

===20th century influences===
{{Expand section|date=October 2017}}
Some people credit [[Screamin' Jay Hawkins|Jalacy "Screamin' Jay" Hawkins]], perhaps best known for his 1956 song "[[I Put a Spell on You|I Put A Spell on You]]", as a foundation of modern goth style and music.{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2004|p=88}} Some people credit the band Bauhaus' first single "[[Bela Lugosi's Dead]]", released in August 1979, with the start of goth subculture.{{sfn|Reynolds|2005|p=432}}

===21st century influences===
{{Expand section|date=October 2017}}
The [[British sitcom]] ''[[The IT Crowd]]'' featured a recurring goth character named [[List of The IT Crowd characters#Richmond Avenal|Richmond Avenal]], played by [[Noel Fielding]]. Fielding said in an interview that he himself had been a goth at age fifteen and that he had a series of goth girlfriends. This was the first time he dabbled in makeup. Fielding said that he loved his girlfriends dressing him up.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/feb/01/noel-fielding-interview Noel Fielding: rocking a new look]. ''The Guardian''. Author – Simon Hattenstone. Published 1 February 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2017.</ref>

The game ''[[Visigoths vs. Mall Goths]]'' (2020) by [[Lucian Kahn]] is about "two versions of Goths – the ancient Roman peoples and the black-clad teenagers" and is set in LA in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Queer Games Bundle strives to earn a living wage for marginalized artists in the tabletop RPG space |url=https://www.dicebreaker.com/topics/bundle/news/queer-games-bundle-2022-itchio |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Dicebreaker |language=en}}</ref>