Editing Golden eagle (section)

===Size===
[[File:GoldenEagleFootLyd4.png|thumb|right|The foot and talons of a golden eagle]]
The golden eagle is a very large raptor, {{convert|66|to|102|cm|in}} in length. Its wings are broad and the wingspan is {{convert|1.8|to|2.34|m|ftin|0}}.<ref name="Cornell">{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Golden_Eagle/lifehistory|title=Golden Eagle, Life History|year=2009|work=All About Birds|publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|access-date=2010-12-26}}</ref><ref name= Ferguson-Lees>{{cite book|last1=Ferguson-Lees |first1=James |last2=Christie |first2=David A. |title=Raptors of the World |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2001 |isbn=0-618-12762-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Peterson, Roger Tory |title=A Field Guide to Western Birds: A Completely New Guide to Field Marks of All Species Found in North America West of the 100th Meridian and North of Mexico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JCMEZ4EqzDIC&pg=PA180|year= 1998|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-395-91174-7|pages=180–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=National Geographic Field Guide To The Birds Of North America|edition=4th |year=2002 |publisher=National Geographic Society |isbn=978-0-79226-877-2}}</ref> The wingspan of golden eagles is the fifth largest among living eagle species.<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/> [[Sexual dimorphism|Females are larger than males]], with a bigger difference in larger subspecies. Females of the large Himalayan golden eagles are about 37% heavier than males and have nearly 9% longer wings, whereas in the smaller Japanese golden eagles, females are only 26% heavier with around 6% longer wings.<ref name= Watson/><ref name="Terres478"/> In the largest subspecies (''A. c. daphanea''), males and females weigh typically {{convert|4.05|and|6.35|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, respectively. In the smallest subspecies, ''A. c. japonica'', males weigh {{convert|2.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and females {{convert|3.25|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name= Watson/> In the species overall, males average around {{convert|3.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and females around {{convert|5.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="HBW">{{cite book|title=Handbook of the Birds of the World |last1=del Hoyo |first1=J | last2=Elliot | first2 = A | last3=Sargatal | first3 = J | year=1996 |publisher=[[Lynx Edicions]] |location=[[Barcelona]] |isbn=84-87334-20-2|volume=3|title-link=Handbook of the Birds of the World}}</ref> The maximum size of golden eagles is debated. Large subspecies are the heaviest representatives of the genus ''[[Aquila (genus)|Aquila]]'' and this species is on average the seventh-heaviest living eagle species. The golden eagle is the second heaviest breeding eagle in North America, Europe and Africa and the fourth heaviest in Asia.<ref name="Brown"/><ref name= Ferguson-Lees/> For some time, the largest known mass authenticated for a wild female was the specimen from the ''A. c. chrysaetos'' subspecies which weighed around {{convert|6.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and spanned {{convert|2.55|m|ftin|abbr=on}} across the wings.<ref name = "Wood">{{cite book| author = Wood, Gerald | title = The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats | year = 1983 | isbn = 978-0-85112-235-9 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood | publisher = Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives}}</ref> American golden eagles are typically somewhat smaller than the large Eurasian species, but a massive female that was banded and released in 2006 around Wyoming's [[Bridger-Teton National Forest]] became the heaviest wild golden eagle on record, at {{convert|7.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Golden Eagle May Set Record">{{cite web|title=Golden Eagle May Set Record|url=http://newwest.net/main/article/largest_wild_golden_eagle_captured_in_jackson_hole/|publisher=Newwest|access-date=2015-06-26}}</ref>  Captive birds have been measured with a wingspan of {{convert|2.81|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}} and a mass of {{convert|12.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, though this mass was for an eagle bred for [[falconry]], which tend to be unnaturally heavy.<ref name = "Wood"/>

The standard measurements of the species include a [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] length of {{convert|52|-|72|cm|in|abbr=on}}, a tail length of {{convert|26.5|-|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} and a [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] length of {{convert|9.4|-|12.2|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name= Ferguson-Lees/> The [[Culmen (bird)|culmen]] (upper ridge of beak) reportedly averages around {{convert|4.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}, with a range of {{convert|3.6|to|5|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The bill length from the [[gape]] measures around {{convert|6|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.gbgm-umc.org/grupongsagip/eagle.htm Sagip Eagle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928165222/http://www.gbgm-umc.org/grupongsagip/eagle.htm |date=28 September 2013}}. Gbgm-umc.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-22.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/684/articles/measurements |title=Birds of North America Online—Birds of North America Online |publisher=Bna.birds.cornell.edu |access-date=2012-11-08}}</ref> The long, straight and powerful [[Claw|hallux-claw]] (hind claw) can range from {{convert|4.5|to|6.34|cm|in|abbr=on}}, about one centimetre longer than in a [[bald eagle]] and a little more than one centimetre less than a [[harpy eagle]].<ref name="Bortolotti">{{cite journal|author=Bortolotti, G.R. |title=Age and sex size variation in Golden Eagles |journal=Journal of Field Ornithology |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=54–66 |year=1984 |jstor=4512857}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Fowler, J.M. |author2=Cope, J.B. |title=Notes on the Harpy Eagle in British Guiana |journal=Auk |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=257–273 |year=1964 |jstor=4082683 |doi=10.2307/4082683}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/eagle/MaleVFemale.html |title=Journey North Bald Eagles |author=Nye, Peter |publisher=Journey North |access-date=2013-04-22 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>