Editing Golden Gate Bridge (section)

===Design===
[[File:Golden Gate bridge pillar.jpg|left|upright|thumb|South tower seen from walkway, with [[Art Deco]] elements]]
Strauss was the chief engineer in charge of the overall design and construction of the bridge project.<ref name="Sigmund"/> However, because he had little understanding or experience with cable-suspension designs,<ref name="PBS">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldengate/peopleevents/p_strauss.html |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |access-date=December 12, 2007 |title=People and Events: Joseph Strauss (1870–1938) |archive-date=November 17, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117114217/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldengate/peopleevents/p_strauss.html }}</ref> responsibility for much of the engineering and architecture fell on other experts. Strauss's initial design proposal (two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint.<ref name=":0" /> The final suspension design was conceived and championed by [[Leon Moisseiff]], the engineer of the [[Manhattan Bridge]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Gate Bridge Design|url=https://www.goldengatebridge.org/research/Design.php|website=goldengatebridge.org|publisher=Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District|access-date=November 27, 2017|language=en|archive-date=December 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210054905/https://goldengatebridge.org/research/Design.php}}</ref>

Irving Morrow, a relatively unknown residential architect, designed the overall shape of the bridge towers, the lighting scheme, and Art Deco elements, such as the tower decorations, streetlights, railing, and walkways. The famous [[International Orange]] color was Morrow's personal selection, winning out over other possibilities, including the US Navy's suggestion that it be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships.<ref name="Sigmund" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goldengate-morrow/|title=Irving Morrow {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|language=en|access-date=October 5, 2019}}</ref>

Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis, collaborating remotely with Moisseiff, was the principal engineer of the project.<ref name="Moisseiff">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldengate/peopleevents/p_moisseiff.html |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |title=American Experience:Leon Moisseiff (1872–1943) |access-date=November 7, 2007 |archive-date=November 17, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117104634/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldengate/peopleevents/p_moisseiff.html }}</ref> Moisseiff produced the basic structural design, introducing his "deflection theory" by which a thin, flexible roadway would flex in the wind, greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers.<ref name="Moisseiff"/> Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound, a later Moisseiff design, the [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)|original Tacoma Narrows Bridge]], collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed, because of an unexpected [[aeroelastic flutter]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1119/1.16590 |url=https://www.ketchum.org/billah/Billah-Scanlan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000919163924/https://www.ketchum.org/billah/Billah-Scanlan.pdf |archive-date=September 19, 2000 |url-status=live |author1 =Billah, K. |author2=Scanlan, R. |year=1991 |title=Resonance, Tacoma Narrows Bridge Failure |series =Undergraduate Physics Textbooks |journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=118–124}}</ref> Ellis was also tasked with designing a "bridge within a bridge" in the southern abutment, to avoid the need to demolish Fort Point, a pre–Civil War masonry fortification viewed, even then, as worthy of historic preservation. He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge's southern anchorage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://goldengatebridge.org/research/FortPoint.php |title=The Point of Fort Point: A Brief History |publisher=Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District |access-date=November 2, 2018 |archive-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121022951/http://goldengatebridge.org/research/FortPoint.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Below Golden Gate Bridge.jpeg|thumb|Below Golden Gate Bridge]]

Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree. He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University. He became an expert in structural design, writing the standard textbook of the time.<ref name="ellis"/> Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge, but he received none of the credit in his lifetime. In November 1931, Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate, Clifford Paine, ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff.<ref name="ellis"/> Ellis, obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression, continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis, eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations.<ref name="ellis"/>

With an eye toward self-promotion and posterity, Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who, despite receiving little recognition or compensation,<ref name=PBS/> are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge. He succeeded in having himself credited as the person most responsible for the design and vision of the bridge.<ref name="ellis">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldengate/peopleevents/p_ellis.html |access-date=November 7, 2007 |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |title=The American Experience:Charles Alton Ellis (1876–1949) |archive-date=March 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327122238/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldengate/peopleevents/p_ellis.html }}</ref> Only much later were the contributions of the others on the design team properly appreciated.<ref name="ellis"/> In May 2007, the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge.

{{Clear}}
{{Wide image|Golden-Gate-Bridge.svg|1000px|Panorama showing the height, depth, and length of the span from end to end, looking west}}
{{Wide image|Golden Gate Bridge Dec 15 2015 by Don Ramey Logan.jpg|1000px|Panorama of the Golden Gate Bridge at sunset, as seen from just north of [[Alcatraz Island]]}}