Editing Glottal stop (section)

===Replacement of /t/===
In English, the glottal stop occurs as an [[open juncture]] (for example, between the vowel sounds in ''uh-oh!'',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooR_9bUYwR8C&pg=PR28 |title=Mastering Hebrew |date=1988 |publisher=Barron's |isbn=0-8120-3990-4 |language=en |access-date=2016-11-26 |archive-date=2020-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801230122/https://books.google.com/books?id=ooR_9bUYwR8C&pg=PR28 |url-status=live }}</ref>) and allophonically in [[t-glottalization]].  In [[British English]], the glottal stop is most familiar in the [[Cockney]] pronunciation of "butter" as "bu'er". [[Geordie]] English often uses glottal stops for t, k, and p, and has a unique form of glottalization. Additionally, there is the glottal stop as a [[Syllable#Null onset|null onset]] for English; in other words, it is the non-phonemic glottal stop occurring before isolated or initial vowels.

Often a glottal stop happens at the beginning of vowel [[phonation]] after a silence.<ref name = umeda/>

Although this [[segment (linguistics)|segment]] is not a [[phoneme]] in English, it occurs phonetically in nearly all dialects of English, as an [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/t/}} in the syllable coda. Speakers of Cockney, [[Scottish English]] and several other British dialects also pronounce an intervocalic {{IPA|/t/}} between vowels as in ''city''. In [[Received Pronunciation]], a glottal stop is inserted before a [[tautosyllabic]] voiceless stop: sto{{hamza}}p, tha{{hamza}}t, kno{{hamza}}ck, wa{{hamza}}tch, also lea{{hamza}}p, soa{{hamza}}k, hel{{hamza}}p, pin{{hamza}}ch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Gillian |title=Listening to Spoken English |date=1977 |publisher=Longman |location=London |page=27 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kortlandt">{{Citation |last=Kortlandt |first=Frederik |title=General Linguistics & Indo-European Reconstruction |date=1993 |url=https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art130e.pdf |postscript=. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608062414/https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art130e.pdf |language=en |access-date=2009-08-23 |archive-date=2011-06-08 |author-link=Frederik Kortlandt |via=kortlandt.nl |url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[American English]], a "t" is usually not aspirated in syllables ending either in a vowel + "t", such as "cat" or "outside"; or in a "t" + unstressed vowel + "n", such as "mountain" or "Manhattan". This is referred to as a "held t" as the airflow is stopped by tongue at the ridge behind the teeth. However, there is a trend of younger speakers in the [[Mid-Atlantic states]] to replace the "held t" with a glottal stop, so that "Manhattan" sounds like "Man-haʔ-in" or "Clinton" like "Cli(n)ʔ-in", where "ʔ" is the glottal stop. This may have crossed over from [[African American Vernacular English]], particularly that of New York City.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2012/03/12/that-way-they-talk-ii/ |url-access=registration |first1=Ben |last1=Yagoda |website=The Chronicle of Higher Education | title=((That Way They Talk II)) | date=12 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://archive.today/20220121171044/https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2012/03/12/that-way-they-talk-ii/ |archive-date= 21 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eddington |first1=David |last2=Channer |first2=Caitlin |date=2010-08-01 |title=American English Has Goʔ A Loʔ Of Glottal Stops: Social Diffusion and Linguistic Motivation |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/american-speech/article/85/3/338/5886/American-English-Has-Go-A-Lo-Of-Glottal-Stops |journal=American Speech |language=en |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=338–351 |doi=10.1215/00031283-2010-019 |issn=0003-1283}}</ref>