Editing Giuseppe Mazzini (section)

===Exile in London===
[[File:Giuseppe Mazzini 183 Gower Street blue plaque.jpg|thumb|left|Blue plaque, 183 North Gower Street, London]]

On 30 April 1840, Mazzini reformed the ''Giovine Italia'' in London, and on 10 November of the same year, he began issuing the ''Apostolato popolare'' ("Apostleship of the People").

A succession of failed attempts at promoting further uprisings in Sicily, Abruzzi, Tuscany, and [[Lombardy-Venetia]] discouraged Mazzini for a long period, which dragged on until 1840. He was also abandoned by Sidoli, who had returned to Italy to rejoin her children. The help of his mother pushed Mazzini to create several organizations aimed at the unification or liberation of other nations, in the wake of ''Giovine Italia'':<ref>Which was also reformed in 1840 in Paris, thanks to the help of Giuseppe Lamberti.</ref> "[[Young Germany]]", "Young Poland", and "Young Switzerland", which were under the aegis of "Young Europe" (''[[Giovine Europa]]''). He also created an Italian school for poor people active from 10 November 1841 at 5 Greville Street, London.<ref name="ReferenceA">Verdecchia, Enrico. ''Londra dei cospiratori. L'esilio londinese dei padri del Risorgimento'', Marco Tropea Editore, 2010</ref> From London he also wrote an endless series of letters to his agents in Europe and South America and made friends with [[Thomas Carlyle]] and his wife [[Jane Welsh Carlyle|Jane]]. The "Young Europe" movement also inspired a group of young Turkish army cadets and students who, later in history, named themselves the "[[Young Turks]]".

In 1843, he organized another riot in Bologna, which attracted the attention of two young officers of the Austrian Navy, [[Attilio and Emilio Bandiera]]. With Mazzini's support, they landed near [[Cosenza]] ([[Kingdom of Naples]]) but were arrested and executed. Mazzini accused the British government of having passed information about the expeditions to the Neapolitans, and the question was raised in the British Parliament. When it was admitted<ref>By the Home Secretary, [[Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet]].</ref> that his private letters had indeed been opened, and its contents revealed by the Foreign Office<ref>Directly in the person of the Foreign Secretary, [[George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen]].</ref> to the Austrian<ref>In the person of Baron [[Philipp von Neumann]].</ref> and Neapolitan governments, Mazzini gained popularity and support among the British liberals, who were outraged by such a blatant intrusion of the government into his private correspondence.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In 1847, he moved again to London, where he wrote a long "open letter" to [[Pope Pius IX]], whose apparently liberal reforms had gained him a momentary status as a possible paladin of the unification of Italy, but The Pope did not reply. He also founded the People's International League. By 8 March 1848, Mazzini was in Paris, where he launched a new political association, the ''Associazione Nazionale Italiana''. In apologising for not being able to attend the first annual celebration of the Leeds Redemption Society (a communitarian experiment) on 7 January 1847 he offered to become a subscriber.<ref>J F C Harrison Social Reform in Victorian Leeds, Thoresby Society 1954 3</ref>