Editing Germany (section)

=== Germanic tribes, Roman frontier and the Frankish Empire ===
{{Main|Jastorf culture|Germanic peoples|Germania|Migration Period|Frankish Realm}}
[[File:Trier 012.JPG|thumb|[[Aula Palatina|Basilica of Constantine]] in [[Trier]] (''[[Augusta Treverorum]]''), built in the 4th century]]
The [[Germanic peoples]] are thought to have [[Ethnogenesis|emerged]] from the [[Jastorf culture]] during the [[Nordic Bronze Age]] or early [[Pre-Roman Iron Age|Iron Age]].<ref name="Heather">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/History#ref58082 |title=Germany: Ancient History |last=Heather |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heather |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |accessdate=21 November 2020|archivedate=31 March 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331232159/https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/History#ref58082 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Germanic Tribes (Teutons)|website=History Files |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/BarbarianGermanics.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426121258/https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/BarbarianGermanics.htm |archivedate=26 April 2020 |url-status=live|accessdate=16 March 2020}}</ref> From southern [[Scandinavia]] and [[northern Germany]], they expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with the [[Celts|Celtic]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]], [[Balts|Baltic]], and [[Early Slavs|Slavic]] tribes.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_g6n9/page/35 |title=Medieval Experience: 300–1400 |last=Claster |first=Jill N. |publisher=New York University Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-8147-1381-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_g6n9/page/35 35]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hickey |first=Raymond |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/9781119485094.ch16?saml_referrer |title=The Handbook of Language Contact |date=2020 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd. |isbn=978-1119485025 |edition=2nd |pages=323–325|doi=10.1002/9781119485094.ch16 }}</ref> Southern Germany was inhabited by Celtic-speaking peoples, who belonged to the wider [[La Tène culture]]. They were later assimilated by the Germanic conquerors.<ref name="Heather2">{{cite web |last=Heather |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heather |title=Germany: Ancient History |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/History#ref58082 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331232159/https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/History#ref58082 |archivedate=31 March 2019 |accessdate=21 November 2020 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] }}</ref>

Under [[Augustus]], the [[Roman Empire]] began to invade lands inhabited by the Germanic tribes, creating a short-lived Roman province of [[Germania Antiqua|Germania]] between the Rhine and [[Elbe]] rivers. In 9&nbsp;AD, three [[Roman legion]]s were [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest|defeated]] by [[Arminius]] in the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]].<ref>{{cite book|page=13|title=The Battle That Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoburg Forest|last=Wells|first=Peter|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2004|isbn=978-0-393-35203-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bordewich |first=Fergus M. |title=The Ambush That Changed History |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-ambush-that-changed-history-72636736/ |date=September 2006 |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering [[Germania]] and is thus considered one of the most important events in [[European history]].{{sfn|Murdoch|2004|p=57}} By 100&nbsp;AD, when [[Tacitus]] wrote ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'', Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the [[Limes Germanicus]]), occupying most of modern Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1631/ |accessdate=10 April 2025 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> However, [[Baden Württemberg|Baden-Württemberg]], southern [[Bavaria]], southern [[Hesse]] and the western [[Rhineland]] had [[Germanic Wars|been incorporated]] into [[Roman province]]s.{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|pp=9–13}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Modi |first=J. J. |date=1916 |title=The Ancient Germans: Their History, Constitution, Religion, Manners and Customs |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheJournalOfTheAnthropologicalSocietyOfBombay/The-Journal-of-the-Anthropological-society-of-Bombay#page/n651/mode/2up |journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay |volume=10 |issue=7 |quote=Raetia (modern Bavaria and the adjoining country) |page=647}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. – A.D. 69 |last=Rüger |first=C. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-26430-3 |editor-last=Bowman |editor-first=Alan K. |edition=2nd |volume=10 |pages=527–28 |chapter=Germany |orig-year=1996 |editor-last2=Champlin |editor-first2=Edward |editor-last3=Lintott |editor-first3=Andrew |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZLW4-wba7UC&pg=PA528 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223193524/https://books.google.com/books?id=JZLW4-wba7UC&pg=PA528 |archivedate=23 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337 |last1=Bowman |first1=Alan K. |last2=Garnsey |first2=Peter |last3=Cameron |first3=Averil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-30199-2 |series=The Cambridge Ancient History |volume=12 |page=442}}</ref> After the invasion of the [[Huns]] in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest: the Franks established the [[Frankish Kingdom]] and pushed east to subjugate [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxony]] and [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]]. Areas of modern eastern Germany were inhabited by [[West Slavs|Western Slavic]] tribes.{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|pp=9–13}}

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