Editing Geostationary orbit (section)

=== Meteorology ===
{{see also|Weather satellite}}

A worldwide network of operational [[geostationary meteorological satellite]]s is used to provide visible and [[Thermographic camera|infrared images]] of Earth's surface and atmosphere for weather observation, [[oceanography]], and atmospheric tracking. As of 2019 there are 19 satellites in either operation or stand-by.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/sat/satellitestatus.php|title=Satellite Status|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=July 6, 2019}}</ref> These satellite systems include:
* the United States' [[Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite|GOES]] series, operated by [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/our-satellites|title=Our Satellites|work=[[NOAA]] [[National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service]] (NESDIS)}}</ref>
* the [[Meteosat]] series, launched by the [[European Space Agency]] and operated by the European Weather Satellite Organization, [[EUMETSAT]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Meteosat/index.html|title=Meteosat|website=EUMETSAT.int|access-date=July 1, 2019|archive-date=January 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114164122/https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Meteosat/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* the Republic of Korea [[Chollian|COMS-1]] and<ref name="LK">{{cite web|url=http://www.arianespace.com/images/launch-kits/launch-kit-pdf-eng/GB-ARABSAT-5A-COMS.pdf|title=Satellite Launches for the Middle East and South Korea|publisher=Arianespace|access-date=June 26, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704234145/http://www.arianespace.com/images/launch-kits/launch-kit-pdf-eng/GB-ARABSAT-5A-COMS.pdf|archive-date=July 4, 2010}}</ref> [[GEO-KOMPSAT 2A|GK-2A]] multi mission satellites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2014/09/airbus-defence-and-space-supports-south-korean-weather-satellite-programme.html|title=Airbus Defence and Space supports South Korean weather satellite programme|website=Airbus|date=September 9, 2014|first=Ralph|last=Heinrich|access-date=July 2, 2019|archive-date=December 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226065525/https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2014/09/airbus-defence-and-space-supports-south-korean-weather-satellite-programme.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* the Russian [[Elektro-L]] satellites
* the Japanese [[Himawari (satellite)|Himawari]] series<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/10/japan-loft-himawari-8-satellite-h-iia/|title=Japan lofts Himawari 8 weather satellite via H-IIA rocket |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|first=William |last=Graham|date=October 6, 2014}}</ref>
* Chinese [[Fengyun]] series<ref>{{cite news |title=China plans to launch additional nine Fengyun meteorological satellites by 2025 |date=November 15, 2018 |url=https://gbtimes.com/china-plans-to-launch-additional-nine-fengyun-meteorological-satellites-by-2025 |newspaper=GBTimes |access-date=July 2, 2019 |archive-date=July 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702115542/https://gbtimes.com/china-plans-to-launch-additional-nine-fengyun-meteorological-satellites-by-2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* India's [[Indian National Satellite System|INSAT]] series<ref name=isro>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/rapid-gateway-to-indian-weather-satellite-data|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|title=RAPID: Gateway to Indian Weather Satellite Data|date=July 2, 2019|access-date=July 2, 2019|archive-date=December 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225031828/https://www.isro.gov.in/rapid-gateway-to-indian-weather-satellite-data|url-status=dead}}</ref>

These satellites typically capture images in the visual and infrared spectrum with a spatial resolution between 0.5 and 4 square kilometres.<ref name="bomm"/> The coverage is typically 70°,<ref name="bomm">{{cite web|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology|BOM]]|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/satellite/about_satellites.shtml |title=About environmental satellites
|access-date=July 6, 2019}}</ref> and in some cases less.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/charts/coverage-of-a-geostationary.html|title=Coverage of a geostationary satellite at Earth|publisher=The Planetary Society}}</ref>

Geostationary satellite imagery has been used for tracking [[volcanic ash]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=15216|title=NOAA Satellites, Scientists Monitor Mt. St. Helens for Possible Eruption|website=SpaceRef|date=October 6, 2004|access-date=July 1, 2019|archive-date=September 10, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910225555/http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=15216|url-status=dead}}</ref> measuring cloud top temperatures and water vapour, [[Geostationary Ocean Color Imager|oceanography]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=NASA |title=GOCI |url=https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/goci/ |access-date=August 25, 2019 |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624041150/https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/goci/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> measuring land temperature and vegetation coverage,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miura|first1=Tomoaki|last2=Nagai|first2=Shin|last3=Takeuchi|first3=Mika|last4=Ichii|first4=Kazuhito|last5=Yoshioka|first5=Hiroki|date=2019-10-30|title=Improved Characterisation of Vegetation and Land Surface Seasonal Dynamics in Central Japan with Himawari-8 Hypertemporal Data|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|page=15692|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-52076-x|issn=2045-2322|pmc=6821777|pmid=31666582|bibcode=2019NatSR...915692M}}</ref><ref name="noaa"/> facilitating [[cyclone]] path prediction,<ref name=isro/> and providing real time cloud coverage and other tracking data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/goes-r-todays-satellite-for-tomorrows-forecast/|title=GOES-R: Today's Satellite for Tomorrow's Forecast Dataset|work=Science On a Sphere|date=November 14, 2016 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]}}</ref> Some information has been incorporated into [[Numerical weather prediction|meteorological prediction models]], but due to their wide field of view, full-time monitoring and lower resolution, geostationary weather satellite images are primarily used for short-term and real-time forecasting.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Latest US weather satellite highlights forecasting challenges|first=Jeff|last=Tollefson|date=March 2, 2018|journal=Nature|volume=555|issue=7695|pages=154|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-02630-w|pmid=29517031|bibcode=2018Natur.555..154T|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="noaa">{{Cite web|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/bulletin/noaa%E2%80%99s-eyes-sky-after-five-decades-of-weather-forecasting-environmental|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218171711/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/bulletin/noaa%E2%80%99s-eyes-sky-after-five-decades-of-weather-forecasting-environmental|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 18, 2023|title=NOAA's Eyes in the Sky – After Five Decades of Weather Forecasting with Environmental Satellites, What Do Future Satellites Promise for Meteorologists and Society?|date=November 12, 2015|website=World Meteorological Organization|first1=Derek|last1=Hanson|first2=James|last2=Peronto|first3=Douglas|last3=Hilderbrand|access-date=July 2, 2019}}</ref>