Editing Geography of Jordan (section)

== Climate ==
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_JOR_1991–2020.svg|thumb|300px|A [[Köppen climate classification]] map of Jordan.]]
[[File:jordan232.jpg|thumb|The countryside near [[Al-Salt|Salt]].]]
[[File:Jordansnow9.jpg|thumb|Snow in Amman.]]
[[File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg|thumb|Jordan is the seventeenth most water stressed country in the world.]]
The major characteristic of the climate is the contrast between a relatively rainy season from November to April and very dry weather for the rest of the year. With hot, dry, uniform summers and cool, variable winters during which practically all of the [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] occurs, the country has a [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean-style climate]].

In general, the farther inland from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] a given part of the country lies, the greater are the seasonal contrasts in temperature and the less rainfall. [[Atmospheric pressure]]s during the summer months are relatively uniform, whereas the winter months bring a succession of marked low pressure areas and accompanying [[cold front]]s. These cyclonic disturbances generally move eastward from over the Mediterranean Sea several times a month and result in sporadic precipitation.

Most of the East Bank receives less than {{convert|120|mm|in|1|sp=us}} of rain a year and may be classified as a dry [[desert]] or [[steppe]] region. Where the ground rises to form the highlands east of the Jordan Valley, precipitation increases to around {{convert|300|mm|in|1|sp=us}} in the south and {{convert|500|mm|in|1|sp=us}} or more in the north. The [[Jordan Rift Valley|Jordan Valley]], lying in the lee of high ground on the West Bank, forms a narrow climatic zone that annually receives up to {{convert|300|mm|in|1|sp=us}} of rain in the northern reaches; rain dwindles to less than {{convert|120|mm|in|1|sp=us}} at the head of the [[Dead Sea]].

The country's long summer reaches a peak during August. January is usually the coolest month. The fairly wide ranges of temperature during a twenty-four-hour period are greatest during the summer months and have a tendency to increase with higher elevation and distance from the Mediterranean seacoast. Daytime temperatures during the summer months frequently exceed {{convert|36|°C|1}} and average about {{convert|32|°C|1}}. In contrast, the winter months—November to April—bring moderately cool and sometimes cold weather, averaging about {{convert|13|°C|1}}. Except in the rift depression, frost is fairly common during the winter, it may take the form of snow at the higher elevations of the north western highlands. Usually it [[snow]]s a couple of times a year in western [[Amman]].

For a month or so before and after the summer dry season, hot, dry air from the desert, drawn by low pressure, produces strong winds from the south or southeast that sometimes reach [[gale]] force. Known in the Middle East by various names, including the khamsin, this dry, sirocco-style wind is usually accompanied by great dust clouds. Its onset is heralded by a hazy sky, a falling [[barometer]] and a drop in relative humidity to about 10 percent. Within a few hours there may be a {{convert|10|F-change}} to {{convert|15|F-change}} rise in temperature. These windstorms ordinarily last a day or so, cause much discomfort, and destroy [[crop]]s by desiccating them.

The [[Shamal (wind)|shamal]], another wind of some significance, comes from the north or northwest, generally at intervals between June and September. Remarkably steady during daytime hours but becoming a breeze at night, the shamal may blow for as long as nine days out of ten and then repeat the process. It originates as a dry continental mass of polar air that is warmed as it passes over the [[Eurasia]]n landmass. The dryness allows intense heating of the Earth's surface by the sun, resulting in high daytime temperatures that moderate after sunset.

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Amman
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 23.0
|Feb record high C = 27.3
|Mar record high C = 32.6
|Apr record high C = 37.0
|May record high C = 38.7
|Jun record high C = 40.6
|Jul record high C = 43.4
|Aug record high C = 43.2
|Sep record high C = 40.0
|Oct record high C = 37.6
|Nov record high C = 31.0
|Dec record high C = 27.5
|year record high C = 43.4
|Jan high C = 12.7
|Feb high C = 13.9
|Mar high C = 17.6
|Apr high C = 23.3
|May high C = 27.9
|Jun high C = 30.9
|Jul high C = 32.5
|Aug high C = 32.7
|Sep high C = 30.8
|Oct high C = 26.8
|Nov high C = 20.1
|Dec high C = 14.6
|Jan mean C = 8.5
|Feb mean C = 9.4
|Mar mean C = 12.4
|Apr mean C = 17.1
|May mean C = 21.4
|Jun mean C = 24.6
|Jul mean C = 26.5
|Aug mean C = 26.6
|Sep mean C = 24.6
|Oct mean C = 21.0
|Nov mean C = 15.0
|Dec mean C = 10.2
|Jan low C =  4.2
|Feb low C =  4.8
|Mar low C =  7.2
|Apr low C =  10.9
|May low C = 14.8
|Jun low C = 18.3
|Jul low C = 20.5
|Aug low C = 20.4
|Sep low C = 18.3
|Oct low C = 15.1
|Nov low C =  9.8
|Dec low C =  5.8
|year high C= 23.7 |year low C= 12.5
|year high F =74.66 |year low F =54.5
|Jan record low C = -4.5
|Feb record low C = -4.4
|Mar record low C = -3.0
|Apr record low C = -3.0
|May record low C = 3.9
|Jun record low C = 8.9
|Jul record low C = 11.0
|Aug record low C = 11.0
|Sep record low C = 10.0
|Oct record low C = 5.0
|Nov record low C = 0.0
|Dec record low C = -2.6
|year record low C = -4.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 60.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 62.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 34.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 7.1
|May precipitation mm =  3.2
|Jun precipitation mm =  0.0
|Jul precipitation mm =  0.0
|Aug precipitation mm =  0.0
|Sep precipitation mm =  0.1
|Oct precipitation mm =  7.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 23.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 46.3
|year precipitation mm= 245.0
|Jan precipitation days = 11.0
|Feb precipitation days = 10.9
|Mar precipitation days =  8.0
|Apr precipitation days =  4.0
|May precipitation days =  1.6
|Jun precipitation days =  0.1
|Jul precipitation days =  0.0
|Aug precipitation days =  0.0
|Sep precipitation days =  0.1
|Oct precipitation days =  2.3
|Nov precipitation days =  5.3
|Dec precipitation days =  8.4
|year precipitation days= 
|Jan sun = 179.8
|Feb sun = 182.0
|Mar sun = 226.3
|Apr sun = 266.6
|May sun = 328.6
|Jun sun = 369.0
|Jul sun = 387.5
|Aug sun = 365.8
|Sep sun = 312.0
|Oct sun = 275.9
|Nov sun = 225.0
|Dec sun = 179.8
|year sun= 3289.7
|source 1 = Jordan Meteorological Department<ref name="JMD">{{cite web
| url = http://jometeo.gov.jo/
| title = Climate and Agricultural Information – Amman
| publisher = Jordan Meteorological Department
| access-date = 27 November 2016
| archive-date = 20 October 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150707/http://jometeo.gov.jo/
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (sun 1961–1990),<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/TJ/40270.TXT
| title = Amman Airport Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 18 September 2015
| archive-date = 12 March 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210312034342/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/TJ/40270.TXT
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Pogoda.ru.net (records)<ref name=pogoda>{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/40270.htm
| title = Pogoda.ru.net (Weather and Climate-The Climate of Amman)
| access-date = 18 September 2015
| publisher = Weather and Climate
| language = ru
| archive-date = 5 March 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305095525/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate2/40270.htm
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|date=May 2013}}

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+[[Ultraviolet index]]<ref>[https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/jordan/amman-climate#uv_index Average UV index Amman, Jordan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518194602/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/jordan/amman-climate#uv_index |date=18 May 2020 }} – weather-atlas.com</ref>
|-
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!Year
|-
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|3
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|5
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|7
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|9
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|12
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|12
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"| 11
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"| 9
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|6
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|4
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|3
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|7.5
|}