Editing Gallienus (section)

===Early reign===
Gallienus spent most of his time in the provinces of the Rhine area ([[Germania Inferior]], [[Germania Superior]], [[Raetia]], and [[Noricum]]), though he almost certainly visited the [[Danube]] area and [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] in the years from 253 to 258. According to Eutropius and Aurelius Victor, he was particularly energetic and successful in preventing invaders from attacking the German provinces and Gaul, despite the weakness caused by Valerian's march on Italy against [[Aemilianus]] in 253.<ref>A. Watson (1999), p. 33</ref> According to numismatic evidence, he seems to have won many victories there,<ref>Andreas Alfoldi mentions five in ''The Numbering of the Victories of the Emperor Gallienus and of the Loyalty of his Legions'', ''Numismatic Chronicle'', 1959, reprinted New York, Attic Books, 1977, {{ISBN|0-915018-28-4}}.</ref> and a victory in [[Roman Dacia]] might also be dated to that period. Even the hostile Latin tradition attributes success to him at this time.<ref>J. Bray (1997), pp. 56–58</ref>

In 255 or 257, Gallienus was made consul again, suggesting that he briefly visited Rome on those occasions, although no record survives.<ref>J. Bray (1997), p. 56</ref> During his Danube sojourn (Drinkwater suggests in 255 or 256), he proclaimed his elder son [[Valerian II]] Caesar and thus official heir to himself and Valerian I; the boy probably joined Gallienus on campaign at that time, and when Gallienus moved west to the Rhine provinces in 257, he remained behind on the Danube as the personification of Imperial authority.<ref>J. Drinkwater, ''The Gallic Empire'' (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1987, {{ISBN|3-515-04806-5}}), pp. 21–22.</ref>