Editing Fruit (section)

==Classification of fruits==
[[File:DewberriesWeb.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dewberry]] flowers. Note the multiple [[pistil]]s, each of which will produce a [[drupe]]let. Each flower will become a blackberry-like [[aggregate fruit]].]]
[[File:Rubus caesius fruit - Keila.jpg|thumb|upright|Dewberry fruit]]

Consistent with the three modes of fruit development, plant scientists have classified fruits into three main groups: simple fruits, aggregate fruits, and multiple (or composite) fruits.<ref name="plants_systematics">{{cite book |last1= Singh |first1= Gurcharan |title= Plants Systematics: An Integrated Approach |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C&pg=PA83 |year= 2004 |publisher= Science Publishers |isbn= 978-1-57808-351-0 |page= 83 |access-date= 2020-05-09 |archive-date= 2024-01-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053419/https://books.google.com/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status= live }}</ref> The groupings reflect how the ovary and other flower organs are arranged and how the fruits develop, but they are not evolutionarily relevant as diverse plant [[taxa]] may be in the same group.

While the section of a [[fungus]] that produces [[spore]]s is called a ''fruiting'' body,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporophore from Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/560984/sporophore|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222204440/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/560984/sporophore|archive-date=2011-02-22}}</ref> fungi are members of the [[Fungi|fungi kingdom]] and not of the [[Plantae|plant kingdom]].

=== Simple fruits ===
[[Image:Milkweed-in-seed.jpg|thumb|right|upright 1.02|A dry simple fruit: milkweed (''[[Asclepias syriaca]]''); dehiscence of the [[Follicle (fruit)|follicular]] fruit reveals seeds within.]]
Simple fruits are the result of the ripening-to-fruit of a simple or compound ovary in a ''single flower'' with a ''single [[Carpel|pistil]]''. In contrast, a single flower with numerous pistils typically produces an [[#Aggregate fruit|aggregate fruit]]; and the merging of several flowers, or a 'multiple' of flowers, results in a 'multiple' fruit.<ref name="Schlegel 2003 16">{{cite book |last=Schlegel |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA16 |page=16 |isbn=978-1-56022-950-6 |year=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053820/https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA16 |url-status=live }}</ref> A simple fruit is further classified as either dry or fleshy.

To distribute their seeds, dry fruits may split open and discharge their seeds to the winds, which is called [[dehiscence (botany)|dehiscence]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schlegel |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA123 |page=123 |isbn=978-1-56022-950-6 |year=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053820/https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA123 |url-status=live }}</ref> Or the distribution process may rely upon the decay and degradation of the fruit to expose the seeds; or it may rely upon the eating of fruit and excreting of seeds by [[frugivores]] – both are called [[dehiscence (botany)|indehiscence]]. Fleshy fruits do not split open, but they also are indehiscent and they may also rely on frugivores for distribution of their seeds. Typically, the entire outer layer of the ovary wall ripens into a potentially edible [[pericarp]].

Types of dry simple fruits, (with examples) include:
* [[Achene]] – most commonly seen in aggregate fruits (e.g., [[strawberry]], see below).
* [[Capsule (fruit)|Capsule]] – ([[Brazil nut]]: botanically, it is not a nut).
* [[Caryopsis]] – (cereal grains, including [[wheat]], [[rice]], [[oats]], [[barley]]).
* [[Achene|Cypsela]] – an achene-like fruit derived from the individual florets in a [[Head (botany)|capitulum]]: ([[dandelion]]).
* [[Drupe|Fibrous drupe]] – ([[coconut]], [[walnut]]: botanically, neither is a true nut.).
* [[Follicle (fruit)|Follicle]] – follicles are formed from a single carpel, and opens by one suture: ([[milkweed]]); also commonly seen in aggregate fruits: ([[magnolia]], [[peony]]).
* [[Legume]] – ([[bean]], [[pea]], [[peanut]]: botanically, the peanut is the seed of a legume, not a nut).
* [[Loment]] – a type of [[indehiscent]] legume: ([[Hedysarum|sweet vetch or wild potato]]).
* [[Nut (fruit)|Nut]] – ([[beech#Description|beechnut]], [[hazelnut]], [[acorn]] (of the [[oak]]): botanically, these are true nuts).
* [[Samara (fruit)|Samara]] – ([[Ash tree|ash]], [[elm]], [[maple|maple key]]).
* [[Schizocarp]], see below – ([[carrot#Description|carrot seed]]).
* [[Silique]] – ([[radish]] seed).
* Silicle – ([[shepherd's purse]]).
* [[Utricle (fruit)|Utricle]] – ([[beet]], ''[[Rumex]]'').

Fruits in which part or all of the [[Fruit anatomy#Pericarp layers|''pericarp'' (fruit wall)]] is fleshy at maturity are termed ''fleshy simple fruits''.

Types of fleshy simple fruits, (with examples) include:
* [[Berry (botany)|Berry]] – the berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit. The entire outer layer of the ovary wall ripens into a potentially edible "pericarp", (see below).
* [[Stone fruit]] or drupe – the definitive characteristic of a drupe is the hard, "lignified" stone (sometimes called the "pit"). It is derived from the ovary wall of the flower: [[apricot]], [[cherry]], [[olive]], [[peach]], [[plum]], [[mango]].<!-- This section is linked from [[Rose]] -->
* [[Pome]] – the pome fruits: [[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[rosehip]]s, [[saskatoon berry]], etc., are a [[syncarpous#Types|syncarpous]] (fused) fleshy fruit, a simple fruit, developing from a half-inferior ovary.<ref name="evolutionary_trends_in_flowering_plants">{{cite book |title= Evolutionary trends in flowering plants |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=c11HBwElG-4C&pg=PA209 |year= 1991 |publisher= Columbia University Press |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-231-07328-8 |page= 209 |access-date= 2020-05-09 |archive-date= 2024-01-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053820/https://books.google.com/books?id=c11HBwElG-4C&pg=PA209#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status= live }}</ref> Pomes are of the family [[Rosaceae]].

==== Berries ====
{{Main|Berry (botany)|Berry}}
[[File:Bananavarieties.jpg|thumb|Fruits of four different [[List of banana cultivars|banana cultivars]]. (Bananas are berries.)]]
[[File:Strawberry surface close up macro.jpg|thumb|Strawberry, showing achenes attached to surface. Botanically, strawberries are not berries; they are classified as an [[aggregate fruit|aggregate]] [[accessory fruit]].]]
[[File:Magnolia wieseneri - labelled gynoecium.jpg|thumb|Flower of [[Magnolia × wieseneri|''Magnolia'' × ''wieseneri'']] showing the many pistils making up the [[gynoecium]] in the middle of the flower. The fruit of this flower is an aggregation of follicles.]]

Berries are a type of simple fleshy fruit that issue from a single ovary.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qwuBXeczzgC&q=berry+type+of+fleshy+fruit+are+simple+fruit+created+from+single+ovary&pg=PT56|title=Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing|last1=Sinha|first1=Nirmal|last2=Sidhu|first2=Jiwan|last3=Barta|first3=Jozsef|last4=Wu|first4=James|last5=Cano|first5=M. Pilar|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-35263-2|access-date=2020-10-06|archive-date=2024-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053821/https://books.google.com/books?id=1qwuBXeczzgC&q=berry+type+of+fleshy+fruit+are+simple+fruit+created+from+single+ovary&pg=PT56#v=snippet&q=berry%20type%20of%20fleshy%20fruit%20are%20simple%20fruit%20created%20from%20single%20ovary&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> (The ovary itself may be compound, with several carpels.) The botanical term ''true berry'' includes grapes, currants, cucumbers, eggplants (aubergines), tomatoes, chili peppers, and bananas, but excludes certain fruits that are called "-berry" by culinary custom or by common usage of the term – such as strawberries and raspberries. Berries may be formed from one or more carpels (i.e., from the simple or compound ovary) from the same, single flower. Seeds typically are embedded in the fleshy interior of the ovary.

Examples include:
* [[Tomato]] – in culinary terms, the tomato is regarded as a vegetable, but it is botanically classified as a fruit and a berry.<ref name="abadi">{{cite web |author1=Mark Abadi |title=A tomato is actually a fruit — but it's a vegetable at the same time |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/tomato-fruit-or-vegetable-2018-5 |publisher=Business Insider |access-date=21 November 2019 |date=26 May 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215004602/https://www.businessinsider.com/tomato-fruit-or-vegetable-2018-5 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Banana]] – the fruit has been described as a "leathery berry".<ref>Smith, James P. (1977). Vascular Plant Families. Eureka, Calif.: Mad River Press. ISBN 978-0-916422-07-3.</ref> In cultivated varieties, the seeds are diminished nearly to non-existence.
* [[Pepo (botany)|Pepo]] – berries with skin that is hardened: [[Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]], including gourds, squash, melons.
* [[Hesperidium]] – berries with a rind and a juicy interior: most [[citrus]] fruit.
* [[Cranberry]], [[gooseberry]], [[redcurrant]], [[grape]].

The strawberry, regardless of its appearance, is classified as a dry, not a fleshy fruit. Botanically, it is not a [[berry (botany)#Accessory fruits|berry]]; it is an [[accessory fruit|aggregate-accessory]] fruit, the latter term meaning the fleshy part is derived not from the plant's ovaries but from the [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]] that holds the [[Ovary (botany)|ovaries]].<ref name="Esau">Esau, K. (1977). ''Anatomy of seed plants''. John Wiley and Sons, New York. {{ISBN|0-471-24520-8}}</ref> Numerous dry [[achene]]s are attached to the outside of the fruit-flesh; they appear to be seeds but each is actually an ovary of a flower, with a seed inside.<ref name="Esau" />

[[Schizocarp]]s are dry fruits, though some appear to be fleshy. They originate from syncarpous ovaries but do not actually [[dehiscence (botany)|dehisce]]; rather, they split into segments with one or more seeds. They include a number of different forms from a wide range of families, including [[carrot]], [[parsnip]], [[parsley]], [[cumin]].<ref name="plants_systematics" />

=== Aggregate fruits<span class="anchor" id="Aggregate fruits"></span> ===
{{Main|Aggregate fruit}}
[[File:Longitudinal section of raspberry flower.gif|upright 1.5|thumb|Detail of the raspberry flower: there is a clustering of pistils at the center of the flower. (A pistil consists of stigma, style, and ovary.) The [[stigma (botany)|stigma]] is the apical (at the apex) nodule that receives pollen; the [[Style (botany)|style]] is the stem-like column that extends down to the [[ovary (botany)|ovary]], which is the basal part that contains the seed-forming [[ovule]].]]
[[File:Lilyfruit.jpg|upright 1.02|thumb|''[[Lilium]]'' unripe capsule fruit; an aggregate fruit]]
An aggregate fruit is also called an aggregation, or ''[[etaerio]]''; it develops from a single flower that presents numerous simple [[pistil]]s.<ref name="Schlegel 2003 16"/> Each pistil contains one [[carpel]]; together, they form a fruitlet. The ultimate (fruiting) development of the aggregation of pistils is called an ''aggregate fruit'', ''etaerio fruit'', or simply an ''etaerio''.

Different types of aggregate fruits can produce different etaerios, such as achenes, drupelets, follicles, and berries.

* For example, the Ranunculaceae species, including ''[[Clematis]]'' and ''[[Ranunculus]]'', produces an etaerio of [[achene]]s;
* ''[[Rubus]]'' species, including raspberry: an etaerio of [[drupelet]]s;
* ''[[Calotropis]]'' species: an etaerio of [[Follicle (fruit)|follicle]]s fruit;
* ''[[Annona]]'' species: an etaerio of [[berries]].<ref name=Gupta>{{cite book|title=Genetics Classical To Modern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIfSEdff6YgC&pg=RA1-PA2134|author=Gupta, Prof. P.K.|publisher=Rastogi Publication|pages=2–134|isbn=978-81-7133-896-2|year=2007|access-date=2015-11-28|archive-date=2024-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053940/https://books.google.com/books?id=uIfSEdff6YgC&pg=RA1-PA2134#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rkv.rgukt.in/content/Biology/47Module/47fruit.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314122527/http://www.rkv.rgukt.in/content/Biology/47Module/47fruit.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 14, 2022|title=Rgukt.in|website=www.rkv.rgukt.in}}</ref>

Some other broadly recognized species and their etaerios (or aggregations) are:
* [[Teasel]]; fruit is an aggregation of [[cypsela (botany)|cypsela]]s.
* [[tuliptree#Description|Tuliptree]]; fruit is an aggregation of [[samara (fruit)|samaras]].
* [[Magnolia]] and [[peony#Morphology|peony]]; fruit is an aggregation of follicles.
* [[liquidambar#Species|American sweet gum]]; fruit is an aggregation of capsules.
* [[Platanus occidentalis#Description|Sycamore]]; fruit is an aggregation of achenes.

The pistils of the [[raspberry]] are called ''drupelets'' because each pistil is like a small [[drupe]] attached to the receptacle. In some [[bramble]] fruits, such as [[blackberry]], the receptacle, an accessory part, elongates and then develops as part of the fruit, making the blackberry an [[#Accessory fruit|aggregate-accessory]] fruit.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGee |title=On Food and Cooking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&q=On+Food+And+Cooking&pg=PA361 |pages=361–62 |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053822/https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&q=On+Food+And+Cooking&pg=PA361#v=snippet&q=On%20Food%20And%20Cooking&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The strawberry is also an aggregate-accessory fruit, of which the seeds are contained in the [[achene]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGee |title=On Food and Cooking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&q=On+Food+And+Cooking&pg=PA364 |pages=364–65 |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053947/https://books.google.com/books?id=iX05JaZXRz0C&q=On+Food+And+Cooking&pg=PA364#v=snippet&q=On%20Food%20And%20Cooking&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Notably in all these examples, the fruit develops from a single flower, with numerous pistils.

=== Hybrid fruits ===
[[File:A_hybrid_lime_in_India.jpg|thumb|A rangpur]]
Hybrid fruits are created through the controlled [[speciation]] of fruits that creates new varieties and cross-breeds. [[Hybrid (biology)|Hybrids]] are grown using [[plant propagation]] to create new [[cultivars]]. This may introduce an entirely new type of fruit or improve the properties of an existing fruit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2013 |title=11 Odd Hybrid Fruits and Vegetables |url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/53101/11-odd-hybrid-fruits-and-vegetables}}</ref>

==== Examples ====

* [[Nectaplum]]
* [[Pluot]]
* [[Tangelo]]
* [[Orangequat]]
* [[Strawberry|Garden strawberry]]
* [[Plumcot]]
* [[Rangpur (fruit)|Rangpur]]
* [[Blood lime]]
* [[Ugli fruit]]
* [[Tayberry]]

=== Multiple fruits ===
{{Main|Multiple fruit}}
A multiple fruit is formed from a cluster of flowers, (a 'multiple' of flowers) – also called an ''[[inflorescence]]''. Each ('smallish') flower produces a single fruitlet, which, as all develop, all merge into one mass of fruit.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schlegel |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA282 |page=282 |isbn=978-1-56022-950-6 |year=2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=2020-10-06 |archive-date=2024-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130053823/https://books.google.com/books?id=7J-3fD67RqwC&q=acarpous&pg=PA282 |url-status=live }}</ref> Examples include [[pineapple]], [[ficus|fig]], [[mulberry]], [[Osage orange]], and [[breadfruit]]. An inflorescence (a cluster) of white flowers, called a head, is produced first. After [[Fertilization#Fertilisation in plants|fertilization]], each flower in the cluster develops into a drupe; as the drupes expand, they develop as a ''[[connation|connate]]'' organ, merging into a multiple fleshy fruit called a ''syncarp''.

Progressive stages of multiple flowering and fruit development can be observed on a single branch of the Indian mulberry, or ''[[noni]]''. During the sequence of development, a progression of second, third, and more inflorescences are initiated in turn at the head of the branch or stem.

=== Accessory fruit forms ===
{{Main|Accessory fruit}}
Fruits may incorporate tissues derived from other floral parts besides the ovary, including the receptacle, hypanthium, petals, or sepals. Accessory fruits occur in all three classes of fruit development – simple, aggregate, and multiple. Accessory fruits are frequently designated by the hyphenated term showing both characters. For example, a pineapple is a multiple-accessory fruit, a blackberry is an aggregate-accessory fruit, and an apple is a simple-accessory fruit.

=== Table of fleshy fruit examples ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Types of fleshy fruits
! Type
! Examples
|-
| Simple fleshy fruit
| [[Berry|True berry]], [[stone fruit]], [[pome]]
|-
| Aggregate fruit
| [[Boysenberry]], [[lilium]], [[magnolia]], [[raspberry]], [[asimina|pawpaw]], [[blackberry]], [[strawberry]]
|-
| Multiple fruit
| [[ficus|Fig]], [[osage orange]], [[mulberry]], [[pineapple]]
|-
| True berry
| [[Banana]], [[blackcurrant]], [[blueberry]], [[chili pepper]], [[cranberry]], [[eggplant]], [[gooseberry]], [[grape]], [[guava]], [[kiwifruit]], [[lucuma]], [[pomegranate]], [[redcurrant]], [[tomato]], [[watermelon]]
|-
| True berry: Pepo
| [[Cucumber]], [[gourd]], [[melon]], [[pumpkin]]
|-
| True berry: Hesperidium
| [[Grapefruit]], [[lemon]], [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], [[Orange (fruit)|orange]]
|-
| Accessory fruit
| [[Apple]], [[rose hip]], [[prunus|stone fruit]], pineapple, blackberry, strawberry
|}