Editing Friesland (section)

===Early Middle Ages===
{{Main|Frisian Kingdom}}
[[File:Frisia 716-la.svg|thumb|The Frisian realm in 716 AD. The Frisian Kingdom covered only the western part of the area.]]

The area lay empty for one or two centuries, when changing environmental and political conditions made the region habitable again. At that time, during the Migration Period, "new" [[Frisians]] (probably descended from a merging of [[Frisii]], [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], [[Saxons]] and [[Jutes]]) repopulated the coastal regions.<ref name="Bazelmans 2009 321–337">{{Harvcolnb|Bazelmans|2009|pp=321–337}}, ''The case of the Frisians''.</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite thesis |last=Halbertsma |first=Herrius |title=Frieslands Oudheid |language=nl, en |chapter=Summary |chapter-url=http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/arts/1982/h.halbertsma/Halbertsma.PDF |year=1982 |location=Groningen |publisher=Rijksuniversiteit Groningen |oclc=746889526 |pages=791–798 |access-date=22 June 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001154120/http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/arts/1982/h.halbertsma/Halbertsma.PDF |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|page=792}} These Frisians consisted of tribes with loose bonds, centred on war bands but without great power. The earliest Frisian records name four social classes, the {{lang|gmw|'[[etheling]]s}} (''[[Nobility|nobiles]]'' in Latin documents; ''adel'' in Dutch and German) and {{lang|gmw|frilings}} (''vrijen'' in Dutch and ''Freien'' in German), who together made up the "Free Frisians" who might bring suit at court, and the ''laten'' or ''liten'' with the [[slave]]s, who were absorbed into the ''laten'' during the [[Early Middle Ages]], as slavery was not so much formally abolished, as evaporated.{{efn|Homans describes Frisian social institutions, based on the summary by {{cite book |location=Breslau |publisher=Marcus |series=Untersuchungen zur deutschen staats- und Rechtsgeschichte |volume=144 |last=Siebs |first=Benno E. |title=Grundlagen und Aufbau der altfriesischen Verfassung |language=de |year=1933 |oclc=604057407}} Siebs' synthesis was extrapolated from survivals detected in later medieval documents.<ref name="Homans1957">{{cite journal |publisher=Wiley |journal=The Economic History Review |issn=0013-0117 |series=New series |volume=10 |issue=2 |year=1957 |last=Homans |first=George C. |author-link=George C. Homans |title=The Frisians in East Anglia |pages=189–206 |doi=10.2307/2590857 |jstor=2590857}}</ref>}} The ''laten'' were tenants of lands they did not own and might be tied to it in the manner of [[serf]]s, but in later times might buy their freedom.<ref name="Homans1957" />{{rp|page=202}}

Under the rule of King [[Aldgisl]], the Frisians came in conflict with the Frankish [[Mayor of the Palace|mayor of the palace]] [[Ebroin]], over the old Roman border fortifications. Aldgisl could keep the Franks at a distance with his army. During the reign of [[Redbad, King of the Frisians|Redbad]], however, the tide turned in favour of the Franks; in 690, the Franks were victorious in the [[Battle of Dorestad]].<ref>{{cite book |location=Bussum |publisher=Fibula-Van Dishoeck |series=Fibulareeks |volume=22 |last=Blok |first=Dirk P. |title=De Franken : hun optreden in het licht der historie |language=nl |year=1968 |oclc=622919217 |pages=32–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjTrAAAAMAAJ |access-date=17 September 2014 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922022128/https://books.google.com/books?id=YjTrAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 733, [[Charles Martel]] sent an army against the Frisians. The Frisian army was pushed back to [[Eastergoa]]. The next year the [[Battle of the Boarn]] took place. Charles ferried an army across the [[Almere (lake)|Almere]] with a fleet that enabled him to sail up to De Boarn. The Frisians were defeated in the ensuing battle,<ref name="auto"/>{{rp|page=795}} and their last king [[Bubo, Duke of the Frisians|Poppo]] was killed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geschiedenis van het volk der Friezen |language=nl |date=2003 |website=boudicca.de |url=http://www.boudicca.de/friezen-nl1.htm |access-date=22 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608003800/http://www.boudicca.de/friezen-nl1.htm |archive-date=8 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The victors began plundering and burning heathen sanctuaries. Charles Martel returned with much loot, and broke the power of the Frisian kings for good. The Franks annexed the Frisian lands between the [[Vlie]] and the [[Lauwers]]. They conquered the area east of the Lauwers in 785, when [[Charlemagne]] defeated [[Widukind]]. The Carolingians laid Frisia under the rule of ''grewan'', a title that has been loosely related to [[count]] in its early sense of "governor" rather than "[[Feudalism|feudal overlord]]".<ref name="Homans1957" />{{rp|page=205}} About 100,000 Dutch drowned in a flood in 1228.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-l9TxQUgaEC&q=1228+flood+netherlands+killing+100%2C000+people&pg=PT29 |title=Who Killed New Orleans?: Mother Nature Vs. Human Nature |page=29 |isbn=9780595373918 |last1=Holloway |first1=Diane |last2=Cheney |first2=Bob |last3=Spreen |first3=Johannes |year=2005 |publisher=iUniverse |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922022128/https://books.google.com/books?id=m-l9TxQUgaEC&q=1228+flood+netherlands+killing+100%2C000+people&pg=PT29 |url-status=live}}</ref>