Editing Friday the 13th (section)

=== In conjunction with Friday ===
While there is evidence of both Friday<ref>[[Friday]] has been considered an unlucky day to undertake journeys or begin new projects at least since the 14th century, as witnessed by Chaucer's ''[[The Canterbury Tales|Canterbury Tales]]'' {{cite encyclopedia| last1=Opie | first1=Iona | last2=Tatem | first2=Moira|dictionary=A Dictionary of Superstitions | title=FRIDAY an unlucky day | publisher=Oxford Reference |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192829160.001.0001/acref-9780192829160-e-627|isbn=9780192829160|date=2003}}</ref> and the number&nbsp;13<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| last1=Opie | first1=Iona | last2=Tatem | first2=Moira|dictionary=A Dictionary of Superstitions | title=THIRTEEN unlucky number | publisher=Oxford Reference |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192829160.001.0001/acref-9780192829160-e-1438|isbn=9780192829160|date=2003}}</ref> being considered unlucky, there is no record of the two items being referred to as especially unlucky in conjunction before the 19th&nbsp;century.<ref name=Lachenmeyer-2004>
{{cite book
 |first=Nathaniel |last=Lachenmeyer
 |year=2004
 |title=13: The Story of the World's Most Popular Superstition
 |chapter=5
 |publisher=Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated
 |isbn=9780452284968
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDXJ1s0YNAgC
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
 |last=Clar |first=Mimi |author-link=Mimi Clar Melnick
 |year=1957
 |title=Friday the 13th
 |journal=Western Folklore
 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=62–63
 |doi=10.2307/1497075 |jstor=1497075
}}
</ref>

'''The Knights Templar'''

Some cite the [[History of the Knights Templar#Fall|arrest of the]] [[Knights Templar]] on Friday, October 13, 1307, by officers of King Philip IV of France as the origin of the Friday the 13th superstition, but it is agreed the origins remain murky.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-10 |title=Friday the 13th - Origins, History & Superstition |url=https://www.history.com/topics/folklore/friday-the-13th |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref>

==== 19th century ====
[[File:Rossini by Grevedon.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Gioachino Rossini]] by Henri Grevedon]]
In France, Friday 13th might have been associated with misfortune as early as the first half of the 19th century. A character in the 1834 play ''Les Finesses des Gribouilles'' states, "I was born on a Friday, December 13th, 1813 from which come all of my misfortunes".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2017/01/whos-afraid-of-friday-the-thirteenth/ | title=Who's Afraid of Friday the Thirteenth? &#124; Folklife Today | date=12 January 2017 }}</ref>

An early documented reference in English occurs in [[Henry Sutherland Edwards|H. S. Edwards']] biography of [[Gioachino Rossini]], who died on Friday 13th of November 1868:
:"Rossini was surrounded to the last by admiring friends; and if it be true that, like so many Italians, he regarded Fridays as an unlucky day and thirteen as an unlucky number, it is remarkable that on Friday 13th of November he passed away."<ref>
{{cite book
 |first=H. S. |last=Edwards |author-link=Henry Sutherland Edwards
 |year=1869
 |title=The Life of Rossini
 |publisher=Blackett
 |page=340
}}
</ref>

==== Dissemination ====
It is possible that the publication in 1907 of [[Thomas W. Lawson (businessman)|T. W. Lawson]]'s popular novel ''Friday, the Thirteenth'',<ref>
{{cite book
 |first=T. W. |last=Lawson |author-link=Thomas W. Lawson (businessman)
 |year=1907
 |title=Friday, the Thirteenth
 |magazine=[[Everybody's Magazine]]
 |edition=original magazine serialization
 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12345/12345-h/12345-h.htm |via=[[Gutenberg.org]]
 |access-date=13 May 2011
}}
</ref>
contributed to popularizing the superstition. In the novel, an unscrupulous [[broker]] takes advantage of the superstition to create a [[Wall Street]] panic on a Friday the 13th.<ref name=Lachenmeyer-2004/>