Editing French Revolution (section)

=== Estates-General of 1789 ===
{{Main|Estates General of 1789 in France}}
[[File:Troisordres.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Caricature of the Third Estate carrying the First Estate (clergy) and the Second Estate (nobility) on its back]]

The Estates-General contained three separate bodies, the [[Estates of the realm#First Estate|First Estate]] representing 100,000 clergy, the [[Estates of the realm#Second Estate|Second]] the nobility, and the [[Estates of the realm#Third Estate|Third]] the "commons".{{Sfn|Hunt|1984|pp=6–10}} Since each met separately, and any proposals had to be approved by at least two, the First and Second Estates could outvote the Third despite representing less than 5% of the population.{{Sfn|Schama|1989|p=115}}

Although the [[Catholic Church in France]] owned nearly 10% of all land, as well as receiving annual [[tithes]] paid by peasants,{{Sfn|Doyle|1990|p=59}} three-quarters of the 303 clergy elected were parish priests, many of whom earned less than unskilled labourers and had more in common with their poor parishioners than with the bishops of the first estate.{{Sfn|Doyle|1990|p=99}}{{Sfn|Schama|1989|pp=350–352}} The Second Estate elected 322 deputies, representing about 400,000 men and women, who owned about 25% of the land and collected [[Manorialism|seigneurial]] dues and rents from their tenants. Most delegates were town-dwelling members of the ''[[Nobles of the Sword|noblesse d'épée]]'', or traditional aristocracy. Courtiers and representatives of the {{lang|fr|[[Nobles of the robe|noblesse de robe]]}} (those who derived rank from judicial or administrative posts) were underrepresented.{{Sfn|Doyle|1990|pp=99–100}} Of the 610 deputies of the Third Estate, about two-thirds held legal qualifications and almost half were venal office holders. Less than 100 were in trade or industry, and none were peasants or artisans.{{Sfn|Doyle|1990|pp=100–101}} To assist delegates, each region completed a list of grievances, known as ''[[Cahiers de doléances]]''.{{Sfn|Frey|Frey|2004|pp=4–5}} Tax inequality and seigneurial dues (feudal payments owed to landowners) headed the grievances in the ''cahiers de doleances'' for the estate.{{Sfn|Jessene|2013|p=39}}

On 5 May 1789 the Estates-General convened at [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]]. Necker outlined the state budget and reiterated the king's decision that each estate should decide on which matters it would agree to meet and vote in common with the other estates. On the following day, each estate was to separately verify the credentials of their representatives. The Third Estate, however, voted to invite the other estates to join them in verifying all the representatives of the Estates-General in common and to agree that votes should be counted by head. Fruitless negotiations lasted to 12 June when the Third Estate began verifying its own members. On 17 June, the Third Estate declared itself to be the National Assembly of France and that all existing taxes were illegal.{{Sfn|Doyle|1990|pp=101–105}} Within two days, more than 100 members of the clergy had joined them.{{Sfn|Schama|1989|p=355}}

[[File:Serment du Jeu de Paume - Jacques-Louis David.jpg|thumb|left|''Le Serment du Jeu de paume'' by [[Jacques-Louis David]] ({{circa|1791}}), depicting the [[Tennis Court Oath]]]]
Shaken by this challenge to his authority, the king agreed to a reform package that he would announce at a royal session of the Estates-General. The ''Salle des États'' was closed to prepare for the joint session, but the members of the Estates-General were not informed in advance. On 20 June, when the members of the Third Estate found their meeting place closed, they moved to a nearby [[Tennis Court Oath|tennis court and swore]] not to disperse until a new constitution had been agreed.{{Sfn|Doyle|1990|p=105–106}}

At the royal session the king announced a series of tax and other reforms and stated that no new taxes or loans would be implemented without the consent of the Estates-General. However, he stated that the three estates were sacrosanct and it was up to each estate to agree to end their privileges and decide on which matters they would vote in common with the other estates. At the end of the session the Third Estate refused to leave the hall and reiterated their oath not to disperse until a constitution had been agreed. Over the next days more members of the clergy joined the National Assembly. On 27 June, faced with popular demonstrations and mutinies in his [[French Guards Regiment|French Guards]], Louis XVI capitulated. He commanded the members of the first and second estates to join the third in the National Assembly.{{Sfn|Doyle|1990|p=106–108}}