Editing French Resistance (section)

===1942: The struggle intensifies===
On the night of 2 January 1942, Moulin parachuted into France from a British plane with orders from de Gaulle to unify the Resistance and to have all of the resistance accept his authority.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=16}} On 27 March 1942, the first French Jews were rounded up by the French authorities, sent to the camp at Drancy, then on to Auschwitz to be killed.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=7}} In April 1942, the PCF created an armed wing of its ''Main d'Oeuvre Immigrée'' ("Migrant Workforce") representing immigrants called the [[FTP-MOI]] under the leadership of [[Boris Holban]], who came from the Bessarabia region, which belonged alternately to either Russia or Romania.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=13}} On 1 May 1942, [[May Day]], which Vichy France had tried to turn into a Catholic holiday celebrating St. Philip, Premier [[Pierre Laval]] was forced to break off his speech when the crowd began to chant "Mort à Laval" (death to Laval).{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=222}}

As millions of Frenchmen serving in the French Army had been taken prisoner by the Germans in 1940, there was a shortage of men in France during the Occupation, which explains why Frenchwomen played so a prominent role in the Resistance, with the ''résistante'' [[Germaine Tillion]] later writing: "It was women who kick-started the Resistance."<ref name="Shakespeare"/> In May 1942, speaking before a military court in [[Lyon]], the ''résistante'' [[Marguerite Gonnet]], when asked about why she had taken up arms against the Reich, replied: "Quite simply, colonel, because the men had dropped them."<ref name="Shakespeare"/> In 1942, the Royal Air Force (RAF) attempted to bomb the Schneider-Creusot works at Lyon, which was one of France's largest arms factories.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=48}} The RAF missed the factory and instead killed around 1,000 French civilians.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=48}} Two Frenchmen serving in the SOE, Raymond Basset (codename Mary) and André Jarrot (codename Goujean), were parachuted in and were able to repeatedly sabotage the local power grid to sharply lower production at the Schneider-Creusot works.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=48}} Frenay, who had emerged as a leading ''résistant'', recruited the engineer Henri Garnier living in [[Toulouse]] to teach French workers at factories producing weapons for the Wehrmacht how best to drastically shorten the lifespan of the Wehrmacht's weapons, usually by making deviations of a few millimetres, which increased strain on the weapons; such acts of quiet sabotage were almost impossible to detect, which meant no French people would be shot in reprisal.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=48}}

To maintain contact with Britain, Resistance leaders crossed the English Channel at night on a boat, made their way via Spain and Portugal, or took a "spy taxi", as the British [[Westland Lysander|Lysander]] aircraft were known in France, which landed on secret airfields at night.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=25}} More commonly, contact with Britain was maintained via radio.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=25}} The Germans had powerful radio detection stations based in Paris, Brittany, [[Augsburg]], and [[Nuremberg]] that could trace an unauthorized radio broadcast to within {{convert|10|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} of its location.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=25}} Afterwards, the Germans would send a van with a radio detection equipment to find the radio operator,{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|pp=25–26}} so radio operators in the Resistance were advised not to broadcast from the same location for long.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=26}} To maintain secrecy, radio operators encrypted their messages using polyalphabetic ciphers.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=26}} Finally, radio operators had a security key to begin their messages with; if captured and forced to radio Britain under duress, the radio operator would not use the key, which tipped London off that they had been captured.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=26}}

On 29 May 1942 it was announced that all Jews living in the occupied zone had to wear a yellow star of David with the words ''Juif'' or ''Juive'' at all times by 7 June 1942.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=182}} Ousby described the purpose of the yellow star "not just to identify but also to humiliate, and it worked".{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=183}} On 14 June 1942, a 12-year-old Jewish boy committed suicide in Paris as his classmates were shunning the boy with the yellow star.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=183}} As a form of quiet protest, many Jewish veterans started to wear their medals alongside the yellow star, which led the Germans to ban the practice as "inappropriate", as it increased sympathy for men who fought and suffered for France.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=186}} At times, ordinary people would show sympathy for Jews; as a Scot married to a Frenchman, [[Janet Teissier du Cros]] wrote in her diary about a Jewish woman wearing her yellow star of David going shopping:

{{blockquote|She came humbly up and stood hesitating on the edge of the pavement. Jews were not allowed to stand in queues. What they were supposed to do I never discovered. But the moment the people in the queue saw her they signaled to her to join us. Secretly and rapidly, as in the game of hunt-the-slipper, she was passed up till she stood at the head of the queue. I am glad to say that not one voice was raised in protest, the policeman standing near turned his head away, and that she got her cabbage before any of us.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=182}}}}

By 1942, the Paris ''Kommandantur'' was receiving an average of 1,500 poison pen letters from ''corbeaux'' wishing to settle scores, which kept the occupation authorities informed about what was happening in France.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=146}} One of these ''corbeaux'', a Frenchwoman displaying the typically self-interested motives of her ilk, read:

{{blockquote|Since you are taking care of the Jews, and if your campaign is not just a vain word, then have a look at the kind of life led by the girl M.A, formerly a dancer, now living at 41 Boulevard de Strasbourg, not wearing a star. This creature, for whom being Jewish is not enough, debauches the husbands of proper Frenchwomen, and you may well have an idea what she is living off. Defend women against Jewishness—that will be your best publicity, and you will return a French husband to his wife.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=147}}}}

In the spring of 1942, a committee consisting of SS ''Hauptsturmführer'' [[Theodor Dannecker]], the Commissioner for Jewish Affairs [[Louis Darquier de Pellepoix]], and general secretary of the police [[René Bousquet]] began planning a ''grande rafle'' (great round-up) of Jews to deport to the death camps.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=188}} On the morning of 16 July 1942, the ''grande rafle'' began with 9,000 French policemen rounding up the Jews of Paris, leading to some 12,762 Jewish men, women and children being arrested and brought to the Val d'Hiv sports stadium, from where they were sent to the Drancy camp and finally Auschwitz.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=189}} The ''grand rafle'' was a Franco-German operation; the overwhelming majority of those who arrested the Jews were French policemen.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=189}} Some 100 Jews warned by friends in the police killed themselves, while 24 Jews were killed resisting arrest.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=189}} One Jewish Frenchwoman, Madame Rado, who was arrested with her four children, noted about the watching bystanders: "Their expressions were empty, apparently indifferent."{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=192}} When taken with the other Jews to the Place Voltaire, one woman was heard to shout "Well done! Well done!" while the man standing to her warned her "After them, it'll be us. Poor people!".{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=192}} Rado survived Auschwitz, but her four children were killed in the gas chambers.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=192}}

Cardinal [[Pierre-Marie Gerlier]] of Lyon, a staunch antisemite who had supported Vichy's efforts to solve the "Jewish question" in France, opposed the ''rafles'' of Jews, arguing in a sermon that the "final solution" was taking things too far; he felt it better to convert Jews to Roman Catholicism.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=192}} Archbishop [[Jules-Géraud Saliège]] of Toulouse, in a pastoral letter of 23 August 1942, declared: "You cannot do whatever you wish against these men, against these women, against these fathers and mothers. They are part of mankind. They are our brothers."{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=193}} Pastor [[Marc Boegner]], president of the National Protestant Federation, denounced the ''rafles'' in a sermon in September 1942, asking Calvinists to hide Jews.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=193}} A number of Catholic and Calvinist schools and organizations such as the Jesuit [[Pierre Chaillet]]'s ''l'Amitié Chrétienne'' took in Jewish children and passed them off as Christian.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=193}} Many Protestant families, with memories of their own persecution, had already begun to hide Jews, and after the summer of 1942, the Catholic Church, which until then had been broadly supportive of Vichy's antisemitic laws, began to condemn antisemitism, and organized efforts to hide Jews.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=193}} The official story was that the Jews were being "resettled in the East", being moved to a "Jewish homeland" somewhere in Eastern Europe.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=192}} As the year continued, the fact that no one knew precisely where this Jewish homeland was, together with the fact that those sent to be "resettled" were never heard from again, led more and more people to suspect that rumors of the Jews being exterminated were true.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=192}}

Ousby argued that, given the widespread belief that the Jews in France were mostly illegal immigrants from Eastern Europe who ought to be sent back to where they came from, it was remarkable that so many ordinary people were prepared to attempt to save them.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=193}} Perhaps the most remarkable example was the effort of the [[Calvinist]] couple [[André and Magda Trocmé]], who brought together an entire commune, [[Le Chambon-sur-Lignon]], to save between 800 and 1,000 Jews.{{Sfn|Sémelin|2013|p=736}} The Jews in France, whether they were ''Israélites'' or immigrant ''Juifs'', had begun the occupation discouraged and isolated, cut off and forced to become "absent from the places they lived in. Now, as the threat of absence become brutally literal, their choices were more sharply defined, more urgent even than for other people in France."{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=193}} As an example of the "differing fates" open to French Jews from 1942 onward, Ousby used the three-part dedication to the memoir Jacques Adler wrote in 1985: the first part dedicated to his father, who was killed at Auschwitz in 1942; the second to the French family who sheltered his mother and sister, who survived the Occupation; and the third to the members of the Jewish resistance group Adler joined later in 1942.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=193}}

As in World War I and the [[Franco-Prussian War]], the Germans argued that those engaging in resistance were "bandits" and "terrorists", maintaining that all ''[[Francs-tireurs]]'' were engaging in illegal warfare and therefore had no rights.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=26}} On 5 August 1942, three Romanians belonging to the FTP-MOI tossed grenades into a group of [[Luftwaffe]] men watching a football game at the [[Jean-Bouin Stadium]] in Paris, killing eight and wounding 13.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|pp=227–228}} The Germans claimed three were killed and 42 wounded; this let them execute more hostages, as Field Marshal [[Hugo Sperrle]] demanded three hostages be shot for every dead German and two for each of the wounded.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=228}} The Germans did not have that many hostages in custody and settled for executing 88 people on 11 August 1942.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=228}} The majority of those shot were communists or relatives of communists, along with the father and father-in-law of [[Pierre Georges]] and the brother of the communist leader [[Maurice Thorez]].{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=228}} A number were Belgian, Dutch, and Hungarian immigrants to France; all went before the firing squads singing the [[La Marseillaise|French national anthem]] or shouting ''Vive la France!'', a testament to how even the communists by 1942 saw themselves as fighting for France as much as for world revolution.{{Sfn|Ousby|2000|p=228}}

Torture of captured ''résistants'' was routine.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=26}} Methods of torture included beatings, shackling, being suspended from the ceiling, being burned with a blowtorch, allowing dogs to attack the prisoner, being lashed with ox-hide whips, being hit with a hammer, or having heads placed in a vice, and the ''baignoire'', whereby the victim was forced into a tub of freezing water and held nearly to the point of drowning, a process repeated for hours.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=27}} A common threat to a captured ''résistant'' was to have a loved one arrested or a female relative or lover sent to the Wehrmacht field brothels.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=27}} The vast majority of those tortured talked.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=27}} At least 40,000 French died in such prisons.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=27}} The only way to avoid torture was to be "turned", with the Germans having a particular interest in turning radio operators who could compromise an entire Resistance network.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=26}} Captured ''résistants'' were held in filthy, overcrowded prisons full of lice and fleas and fed substandard food or held in solitary confinement.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=26}}

On 1 December 1942, a new resistance group, the ORA, ''[[Organisation de résistance de l'armée]]'' (Army Resistance Organization), was founded.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=12}} The ORA was headed by General [[Aubert Frère]] and recognized General [[Henri Giraud]] as France's leader.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=12}} For a time in 1942–1943, there were two rival leaders of the Free French movement in exile: General Giraud, backed by the United States, and General de Gaulle, backed by Great Britain.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=12}} For these reasons, the ORA had bad relations with the Gaullist resistance while being favored by the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]], as the Americans did not want de Gaulle as France's postwar leader.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=12}} By the end of 1942, there were 278 sabotage actions in France vs. 168 Anglo-American bombings in France.{{Sfn|Crowdy|2007|p=47}}