Editing Frederick Griffith (section)

==Impact of Griffith's discovery==

===Biomedical reception===

One of America's most prominent pneumococcus experts, [[Oswald Avery]], in [[New York City|New York]] at The Rockefeller Hospital—which opened in 1910 on The Rockefeller Institute's campus—initially explained that Griffith's experiments must have been poorly conducted and succumbed to contamination. Avery biographer and colleague at The Rockefeller Institute, microbiologist [[Rene Dubos]], recruited by The Rockefeller Institute from France, later described Griffith's findings as "exploding a bombshell in the field of pneumococcal immunology".<ref>U.S. National Library of Medicine. [http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/CCAAOD "The Oswald T. Avery Collection"]. ''Profiles in Science''. 31 January 2007.</ref>

Avery's associate [[Martin Henry Dawson|Martin Dawson]] at The Rockefeller Hospital confirmed each of Griffith's reported findings.<ref name="Dawson">{{cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=MH |title=The transformation of pneumococcal types: II. The Interconvertibility of Type-Specific S Pneumococci |journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |date=1 January 1930 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=123–47 |doi=10.1084/jem.51.1.123 |pmid=19869670 |pmc=2131805 }}</ref><ref>McCarty M. [http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/A/A/O/F/_/ccaaof.pdf ''The Transforming Principle: Discovering that Genes are Made of DNA''] (New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 1985), p 79.</ref> Even before Griffith's publication, Fred Neufeld had confirmed them as well, and was merely awaiting publication of Griffith's findings before publishing his confirmation.<ref name=pmid4143929/><ref name="Levinthal">{{cite journal |last1=Neufeld |first1=Fred |last2=Levinthal |first2=Walter |title=Beiträge zur variabilität der pneumokokken |date=1928 |journal=Zeitschrift für Immunitätsforschung |issue=55 |pages=324–340 |url=http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/101584575X28 |access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> Over the following years, Avery's illness, [[Graves' disease]], kept him much out of his laboratory as other researchers in it experimented to determine, largely by process of elimination, which constituent was the transforming factor.<ref>McCarty M, ''Transforming Principle''.</ref>

Microbiologists endeavored during the 1930s to dispel the monomorphist tenet, prevailing as institutional dogma,<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Kritschewski IL & Ponomarewa IW |pmid=16559732 |title=On the pleomorphism of bacteria. I. On the pleomorphism of ''B Paratyphi'' B"—sec "Summary |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |pmc=533658 |volume=28 |issue=2 |date=August 1934 |pages=111–26|doi=10.1128/jb.28.2.111-126.1934 }}</ref> largely prevailing into the 21st century.<ref>Paracer S and Ahmadjian V. ''Symbiosis: An Introduction to Biological Associations'', 2nd ed (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), chapter 1, subchapter 1.3, section [https://books.google.com/books?id=OmZ6CfHQIZ8C&pg=PA10 "Bacteria as multicellular organisms"], p 10.</ref>