Editing Frederick, Maryland (section)

===Early 19th century===
As the county seat for Western Maryland, Frederick not only was an important market town but also the seat of justice. Although [[Montgomery County, Maryland|Montgomery County]] and [[Washington County, Maryland|Washington County]] were split off from Frederick County in 1776, Frederick remained the seat of the smaller (though still large) county. Important lawyers who practiced in Frederick included [[John Hanson]], [[Francis Scott Key]] and [[Roger B. Taney]].

Frederick was also known during the nineteenth century for its religious pluralism, with one of its main thoroughfares, Church Street, hosting about a half dozen major churches. In 1793, All Saints Church hosted the first confirmation of an American citizen, by the newly consecrated Episcopal Bishop [[Thomas Claggett]]. That original colonial building was replaced in 1814 by a brick classical revival structure. It still stands today, although the principal worship space has become an even larger brick gothic church joining it at the back and facing Frederick's City Hall (so the parish remains the oldest Episcopal Church in western Maryland).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allsaintsmd.org/history/|title=History of All Saints' Episcopal Church in Frederick, Maryland|first=Lee|last=Emmons|website=All Saints' Episcopal Church|access-date=January 24, 2024|archive-date=January 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124182233/https://allsaintsmd.org/history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The main Catholic church, dedicated to St. John the Evangelist, was built in 1800, then rebuilt in 1837 (across the street) one block north of Church Street on East Second Street, where it still stands along with a school and convent established by the [[Visitation Sisters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stjohn-frederick.org/aboutus.asp|title=St. John the Evangelist, Roman Catholic Church – Frederick, Maryland|access-date=December 16, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212013640/http://www.stjohn-frederick.org/aboutus.asp|archive-date=December 12, 2007}}</ref> The stone Evangelical Lutheran Church of 1752 was also rebuilt and enlarged in 1825, then replaced by the current twin-spired structure in 1852.<ref>tablet inscription on wall</ref>

The oldest [[African-Americans|African-American]] church in the town is Asbury United Methodist Church, founded as the Old Hill Church, a mixed congregation in 1818. It became an African-American congregation in 1864, renamed Asbury Methodist Episcopal Church in 1870, and built its current building on All Saints Street in 1921.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asburyumcfmd.org/about-us/who-we-are/|title=Asbury United Methodist Church » Who We Are}}</ref>

Together, these churches dominated the town, set against the backdrop of the first ridge of the [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachians]] at [[Catoctin Mountain]]. The abolitionist poet [[John Greenleaf Whittier]] later immortalized this view of Frederick in his poem to "[[Barbara Fritchie]]": "The clustered spires of Frederick stand/Green-walled by the hills of Maryland."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/householdbookpo00unkngoog|quote=the clustered spires of frederick stand.|title=The Household Book of Poetry|editor-last=Dana|editor-first=Charles Anderson|publisher=D. Appleton|year=1879|pages=[https://archive.org/details/householdbookpo00unkngoog/page/n424 381]–382}}</ref>

When [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Thomas Jefferson]] commissioned [[National Road]] from [[Baltimore]] toward [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], eventually built to [[Vandalia, Illinois|Vandalia]], then the state capital of Illinois, National Pike ran through Frederick along Patrick Street; it later became [[U.S. Route 40 in Maryland|U.S. Route 40]]. Frederick's Jacob Engelbrecht corresponded with Jefferson in 1824 and received a transcribed psalm from Jefferson in return. Engelbrecht kept a diary from 1819 through 1878, which remains an important first-hand account of 19th century life on  National Road.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=FOEA-print-04-02-02-4075 |title=From Thomas Jefferson to Jacob Engelbrecht, 25 February 1824 |website=Founders Early Access |publisher=The University of Virginia Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bookstore : Frederick County History & Folklore |url=http://www.hsfcinfo.org/bookstore/frederick.htm |website=Historical Society of Frederick County |access-date=February 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414152719/http://www.hsfcinfo.org/bookstore/frederick.htm |archive-date=April 14, 2015 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> An important house remaining from this era is the [[spite house|Tyler Spite House]], built in 1814 at 112 W. Church Street by a [[John Tyler (doctor)|local doctor]] to prevent the city from extending Record Street south through his land to meet West Patrick Street.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Lynn |date=April 29, 1990 |title=This Maryland House Was Built Just for Spite |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-04-29-tr-41-story.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Waters |first1=Ed Jr. |url=https://www.fredericknewspost.com/sections/archives/display_detail.htm?StoryID=85652 |title=A Matter of Spite |date=August 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522175541/https://www.fredericknewspost.com/sections/archives/display_detail.htm?StoryID=85652 |archive-date=May 22, 2011 |newspaper=[[The Frederick News-Post]]}}</ref>

Frederick also became one of the new nation's leading mining counties in the early 19th century. It exported gold, copper, limestone, marble, iron, and other minerals. As early as the [[American Revolution]], [[Catoctin Furnace]] near [[Thurmont, Maryland|Thurmont]] became an important source of iron production.<ref>[[John Thomas Scharf|J. Thomas Scharf]], ''History of Western Maryland'', Vol. I. Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts. 1882. p. 629.</ref> Other mining areas split off into [[Washington County, Maryland]] and [[Allegheny County, Maryland]] but continued to ship their ore through Frederick to Eastern cities and ports.

Frederick had easy access to the [[Chesapeake and Ohio Canal]], which began operations in 1831 and continued hauling freight until 1924. Also in 1831, the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B&O) completed its [[Frederick Branch (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad)|Frederick Branch]] line from the Frederick (or Monocacy) Junction off the main Western Line from Baltimore to [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harpers Ferry]], [[Cumberland, Maryland|Cumberland]], and the [[Ohio River]]. The railroad reached [[Chicago]] and [[St. Louis]] by the 1850s.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, The Nation's First Railroad, 1828-1853 |last=Dilts |first=James D. |year=1996 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Palo Alto, California |isbn=978-0-8047-2629-0 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjrCWPwvHzIC&q=frederick+branch&pg=PA146}}</ref>