Editing Fred Singer (section)

===1951: Design of early satellites===
[[File:MOUSE (Fred Singer).jpg|thumb|200px|Singer's MOUSE satellite, which he designed in the early 1950s<ref name=mouse/>]]

Singer was one of the first scientists to urge the launching of Earth satellites for scientific observation during the 1950s.<ref name=NYTJuly1962/> In 1951 or 1952 he proposed the MOUSE ("Minimal Orbital Unmanned Satellite, Earth"), a {{convert|100|lb}} satellite that would contain [[Geiger counter]]s for measuring [[cosmic rays]], photo cells for scanning the Earth, [[telemetry]] electronics for sending data back to Earth, a magnetic data storage device, and rudimentary [[solar cell|solar energy cell]]s. Although MOUSE never flew, the ''[[Baltimore News-Post]]'' reported in 1957 that had Singer's arguments about the need for satellites been heeded, the U.S. could have beaten Russia by launching the [[Sputnik 1|first Earth satellite]].<ref name=mouse>[http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19731670000 "Satellite, MOUSE, Concept Model"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409003926/http://nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19731670000 |date=April 9, 2010 }}, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, accessed May 15, 2010; for a diagram of the MOUSE and ''Baltimore News Post'' reference, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20150621055347/http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/U1294093INP/diagram-of-mouse-satellite Diagram of MOUSE satellite], Corbis Images, accessed May 16, 2010.</ref> He also proposed (along with R. C. Wentworth) that satellite measurement of ultraviolet backscatter could be used as a method to measure atmospheric ozone profiles.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Singer|first1=S. F|last2=Wentworth|first2=R. C.|title=A method for the determination of the vertical ozone distribution from a satellite|journal=J. Geophys. Res.|date=June 1957|volume=62|issue=2|pages=299–308|doi=10.1029/JZ062i002p00299|issn=2156-2202|quote=A detector looking down towards the earth will receive solar ultraviolet scattered by the atmosphere which has been attenuated both by scattering out and by ozone absorption.|name-list-style=amp|bibcode=1957JGR....62..299S}}</ref>  This technique was later used on early [[weather satellite]]s.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Zerefos|editor1-first=Christos S.|editor2-last=Isaksen|editor2-first=Ivar S.A.|editor3-last=Ziomas|editor3-first=Ioannis|title=Chemistry and Radiation Changes in the Ozone Layer|journal=Nato Science Series General Sub-Series C, Mathematical and Physical Sciences|date=2000|volume=557|page=309|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-4353-0|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780792365136|series=Nato Science Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=[[Dordrecht]]|issn=1389-2185|isbn=978-0-7923-6513-6|quote=Recent studies have demonstrated a link between ozone changes caused by human activities and changing UV levels at the Earth's surface, as well as a link to climate through changes in radiative forcing and links to changes in chemical composition.}}</ref>