Editing Fraud (section)

==Types of fraud==
[[Image:Workathomead.jpg|thumb|An advertisement for a possibly fraudulent "[[work-at-home scheme]]"]]

The falsification of documents, known as [[forgery]], and counterfeiting are types of fraud involved in physical duplication or fabrication.<ref name="Stuart Green">{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Stuart P. |date=2001–2002 |title=Lying, Misleading, and Falsely Denying: How Moral Concepts Inform the Law of Perjury, Fraud, and False Statements |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hastlj53&div=14&id=&page= |journal=Hastings Law Journal |volume=53 |pages=157–212 |via=HeinOnline}}</ref> The "theft" of one's personal information or identity, like finding another's social security number and then using it as identification, is a type of fraud.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Poster |first=Mark |url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/583859 |title=Information Please: Culture and Politics in the Age of Digital Machines |date=30 August 2006 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-8847-0 |doi=10.1515/9780822388470-007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gorichanaz |first=Tim |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110721751-010/html |title=The De Gruyter Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, Identity and Technology Studies |date=8 July 2024 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-072175-1 |editor-last=Elliott |editor-first=Anthony |pages=181–196 |doi=10.1515/9783110721751-010}}</ref> Fraud can be committed through and across many media including [[Mail and wire fraud|mail]], [[Mail and wire fraud|wire]],<ref name="Stuart Green"/> [[phone fraud|phone]], and the [[Internet]] ([[computer crime]] and [[Internet fraud]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crosman |first=Kevin |date=2017 |title=Phone and Television Scams in the Age of the Internet |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/lewclr21&div=29&id=&page= |journal=Lewis & Clark Law Review |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=791–812 |via=HeinOnline}}</ref>

Given the international nature of the web and the ease with which users can hide their location, obstacles to checking identity and legitimacy online, and the variety of hacker techniques available to gain access to [[Personal identifying information|PII]] have all contributed to the very rapid growth of Internet fraud.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Richet|first=Jean-Loup|date=2022|title=How cybercriminal communities grow and change: An investigation of ad-fraud communities|journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change|volume=174|issue=121282|page=121282|doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121282|s2cid=239962449|issn=0040-1625|doi-access=free|url=https://hal.science/hal-03403899/file/1-s2.0-S0040162521007162-main.pdf}}</ref> In some countries, tax fraud is also prosecuted under false billing or tax forgery.<ref>"Tax Fraud and the Problem of a Constitutionality Acceptable Definition of Religion". BJ Casino. ''American Criminal Law. Rev.'', 1987</ref> There have also been fraudulent "discoveries", e.g., [[scientific misconduct|science]], where the appetite is for prestige rather than immediate monetary gain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Müller|first1=M. J.|last2=Landsberg|first2=B.|last3=Ried|first3=J.|date=April 2014|title=Fraud in science: a plea for a new culture in research|journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=68|issue=4|pages=411–415|doi=10.1038/ejcn.2014.17|pmid=24690631|issn=1476-5640|doi-access=free}}</ref> A [[hoax]] is a distinct concept that involves deliberate deception without the intention of gain or of materially damaging or depriving a victim.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fleming |first1=Chris |last2=O'Carroll |first2=John |date=19 November 2010 |title=The Art of the Hoax |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13534645.2010.508648 |journal=Parallax |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=45–59 |doi=10.1080/13534645.2010.508648 |issn=1353-4645 |via=Taylor & Francis Online}}</ref>

=== Internal fraud ===

Internal fraud, also known as "insider fraud", is fraud committed or attempted by someone within an organization such as an employee.<ref>Barclays Corporate, "[https://www.barclayscorporate.com/insights/fraud-protection/internal-fraud/ The growing threat of internal fraud]". {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106160255/https://www.barclayscorporate.com/insights/fraud-protection/internal-fraud/ |date=6 November 2022 }}, accessed 6 November 2022.</ref>

=== Commodities fraud ===
The illegal act of obtaining (or the attempt to obtain) a certain amount of [[currency]] in accordance with a [[contract]] that promises the later [[Trade|exchange]] of equated [[asset]]s, which ultimately never arrive, is a type of fraud, known as commodities fraud. Alternatively, the term can relate to: the failure of registering in an exchange; the act of deliberately providing falsified information to clients; the action of executing [[Trade|transactions]] with the sole purpose of making a profit for the [[payee]]; and the theft of [[Funding|client funds]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalbaugh |first=Gary E. |date=2024 |title=Why Regulate Commodities? |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/sufflr57&div=7&id=&page= |journal=Suffolk University Law Review |volume=57 |pages=43–85 |via=HeinOnline}}</ref><ref>{{usc|18|1348}}</ref>