Editing Francis Younghusband (section)

=== Expedition to Tibet ===
[[File:Lamellar coat and helmet. From Tibet, in modern-day China. 14th-17th century CE. Iron, leather, and textile. Presented by Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Younghusband. Discoveries Gallery, National Museum of Scotland.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lamellar armour|Lamellar]] coat and helmet. From Tibet, in modern-day China. 14th–17th century CE. Iron, leather, and textile. Presented by Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Younghusband. Discoveries Gallery, National Museum of Scotland]]

In 1903, Curzon appointed Younghusband as the head of the [[Tibet Frontier Commission]]; [[John Claude White]], the political officer of [[Sikkim]], and E. C. Wilton, served as his deputy commissioners in the commission.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick French|title=Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENfKlCIqAxoC|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-196430-0|page=269}}</ref> Younghusband subsequently led the [[British expedition to Tibet]], which had the putative aim to settle disputes over the [[Sikkim]]–Tibet border, but eventually exceeded instructions from the [[government of the United Kingdom]] and became a ''de facto'' [[invasion]] of Tibet.<ref name="Younghusband">{{cite web|title=Tibetans' fight against British invasion |publisher=En.Tibet.cn&nbsp;– China Tibet Information Center |url=http://en.tibet.cn/history/tib/t20050309_14950.htm |access-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103094834/http://en.tibet.cn/history/tib/t20050309_14950.htm |archive-date=3 November 2007}}</ref> Roughly {{convert|100|mi}} inside Tibet, on the way to [[Gyantse]], thence to the capital of [[Lhasa]], a confrontation outside the hamlet of Guru led to a victory by the expedition's troops over 600–700 Tibetan soldiers.<ref>Morris, James: ''Farewell the Trumpets'' (Faber and Faber, 1979), p. 102.</ref> The expedition's troops, equipped with rifles and machine guns, overpowered the less-equipped Tibetan forces, who were armed with hoes, swords, and flintlocks. 

Ultimately, 202 men of Younghusband's expedition were killed in action while 411 died of non-combat causes.<ref>{{cite book |author=Nick Heil |author-link=Nick Heil |title=Dark Summit: The Extraordinary True Story of One of the Deadliest Seasons on Everest |url=http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/heil-2008-dark-summit-extraordinary.html
|publisher=Virgin Books Ltd |date=2008 |page=54 |isbn=978-0-7535-1359-0}}</ref> The expedition was supported by [[Ugyen Wangchuck]] of the [[Kingdom of Bhutan]] (who was to become the King of Bhutan in 1907), who was [[knight]]ed in return for his services. However, the invasion of Tibet embarrassed the British government, which desired good relations with the [[Qing dynasty]] for the sake of Britain's trade with Chinese coastal settlements. Accordingly, the British government repudiated the [[Convention of Lhasa|Treaty of Lhasa]], signed by Younghusband and Tibetan leaders, due to concerns over its impact on relations with the Qing dynasty and trade with Chinese coastal regions.

In 1891, Younghusband received the Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]],<ref name="IndianBio">{{cite IBD1915|wstitle= Younghusband, Lt.-Colonel Sir Francis Edward |volume= 25.2 |pages= 470-471 |year=1915|short=}}</ref> and then he was awarded the honour of Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] in December 1904.<ref name=List>Great Britain. India Office {{google books|b2NPAAAAMAAJ|The India List and India Office List for 1905|page=145}}</ref> He was also awarded the [[Kaisar-I-Hind Medal]] (gold) in 1901,<ref name="IndianBio" /> and the [[Gold Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society]] in 1905.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://rsgs.org/inspiring-people/medals-awards/scottish-geographical-medal/|title= Scottish Geographical Medal|publisher= Royal Scottish Geographical Society|access-date= 26 August 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151017024018/http://rsgs.org/inspiring-people/medals-awards/scottish-geographical-medal/|archive-date= 17 October 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref> In 1906, Younghusband settled in [[Kashmir]] as the British Resident representative before returning to [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] in 1909,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ghosts of Empire|first=Kwasai|last=Kwarteng|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=9781408829004|date=28 May 2012}}</ref> where he was an active member of many clubs and societies. In 1908, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. During the [[World War I|First World War]], his patriotic [[Fight for Right Movement|Fight for Right]] campaign commissioned the song "[[And did those feet in ancient time|Jerusalem]]".