Editing Francis Galton (section)

===Heredity and eugenics===
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{{Eugenics sidebar|Intellectuals}}
[[File:Francis Galton2.jpg|thumb|Galton in his later years]]
[[File:Sir Francis Galton by Charles Wellington Furse.jpg|thumb|Portrait by [[Charles Wellington Furse]], 1903]]
[[File:Inquiries into human faculty and its development (IA abv5996.0001.001.umich.edu).pdf|thumb|Full text of ''Inquiries into human faculty and its development'']]
The publication by his cousin Charles Darwin of ''[[The Origin of Species]]'' in 1859 was an event that changed Galton's life.{{sfn|Forrest|1974|page=84}} He came to be gripped by the work, especially the first chapter on "Variation under Domestication", concerning [[animal breeding]].

Galton devoted much of the rest of his life to exploring variation in human populations and its implications, at which Darwin had only hinted in ''The Origin of Species'', although he returned to it in his 1871 book ''[[The Descent of Man]]'', drawing on his cousin's work in the intervening period.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Berezowsky |first=Sherrin |date=2015 |title=STATISTICAL CRITICISM AND THE EMINENT MAN IN FRANCIS GALTon's ''HEREDITARY GENIUS'' |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1060150315000273/type/journal_article |journal=Victorian Literature and Culture |language=en |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=821–839 |doi=10.1017/S1060150315000273 |issn=1060-1503}}</ref> Galton established a research program which embraced multiple aspects of human variation, from mental characteristics to height; from facial images to fingerprint patterns. This required inventing novel measures of traits, devising large-scale collection of data using those measures, and in the end, the discovery of new statistical techniques for describing and understanding the data.

Galton was interested at first in the question of whether human ability was [[hereditary]], and proposed to count the number of the relatives of various degrees of eminent men.<ref name=":0" /> If the qualities were hereditary, he reasoned, there should be more eminent men among the relatives than among the general population. To test this, he invented the methods of [[historiometry]]. Galton obtained extensive data from a broad range of biographical sources which he tabulated and compared in various ways. This pioneering work was described in detail in his book ''Hereditary Genius'' in 1869.{{sfn|Galton|1869|p=}} Here he showed, among other things, that the numbers of eminent relatives dropped off when going from the first degree to the second degree relatives, and from the second degree to the third. He took this as evidence of the [[inheritance of intelligence|inheritance of abilities]].

Galton recognised the limitations of his methods in these two works, and believed the question could be better studied by comparisons of twins. His method envisaged testing to see if twins who were similar at birth diverged in dissimilar environments, and whether twins dissimilar at birth converged when reared in similar environments. He again used the method of questionnaires to gather various sorts of data, which were tabulated and described in a paper ''The history of twins'' in 1875. In so doing he anticipated the modern field of [[behaviour genetics]], which relies heavily on [[twin studies]]. He concluded that the evidence favoured nature rather than nurture. He also proposed [[adoption study|adoption studies]], including trans-racial adoption studies, to separate the effects of heredity and environment.

Galton recognised that cultural circumstances influenced the capability of a civilisation's citizens, and their [[reproductive success]]. In ''Hereditary Genius'', he envisaged a situation conducive to resilient and enduring civilisation as follows:

{{blockquote|
The best form of civilization in respect to the improvement of the race, would be one in which society was not costly; where incomes were chiefly derived from professional sources, and not much through inheritance; where every lad had a chance of showing his abilities, and, if highly gifted, was enabled to achieve a first-class education and entrance into professional life, by the liberal help of the exhibitions and scholarships which he had gained in his early youth; where marriage was held in as high honor as in ancient Jewish times; where the pride of race was encouraged (of course I do not refer to the nonsensical sentiment of the present day, that goes under that name); where the weak could find a welcome and a refuge in celibate monasteries or sisterhoods, and lastly, where the better sort of emigrants and refugees from other lands were invited and welcomed, and their descendants naturalized.
|source={{harvnb|Galton|1869|p=362}} }}

Galton invented the term ''[[eugenics]]'' in 1883 and set down many of his observations and conclusions in a book, ''[[Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development]]''. In the book's introduction, he wrote: {{blockquote|[This book's] intention is to touch on various topics more or less connected with that of the cultivation of race, or, as we might call it, with "eugenic"<sup>1</sup> questions, and to present the results of several of my own separate investigations.<br/><sup>1</sup> This is, with questions bearing on what is termed in Greek, ''eugenes'', namely, good in stock, hereditarily endowed with noble qualities. This, and the allied words, ''eugeneia'', etc., are equally applicable to men, brutes, and plants. We greatly want a brief word to express the science of improving stock, which is by no means confined to questions of judicious mating, but which, especially in the case of man, takes cognizance of all influences that tend in however remote a degree to give the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable than they otherwise would have had. The word ''eugenics'' would sufficiently express the idea; it is at least a neater word and a more generalized one than ''viriculture'', which I once ventured to use.|source={{harvnb|Galton|1883|pp=24–25}} }}

He believed that a scheme of 'marks' for family merit should be defined, and early marriage between families of high rank be encouraged via provision of monetary incentives. He pointed out some of the tendencies in British society, such as the late marriages of eminent people, and the paucity of their children, which he thought were ''[[dysgenics|dysgenic]]''. He advocated encouraging eugenic marriages by supplying able couples with incentives to have children. On 29 October 1901, Galton chose to address eugenic issues when he delivered the second Huxley lecture at the Royal Anthropological Institute.{{sfn|Gillham|2001a|p=}}

''[[The Eugenics Review]]'', the journal of the Eugenics Education Society, commenced publication in 1909. Galton, the Honorary President of the society, wrote the foreword for the first volume.{{sfn|Gillham|2001a|p=}} The [[International Eugenics Conference|First International Congress of Eugenics]] was held in July 1912. [[Winston Churchill]] and Carls Elliot were among the attendees.{{sfn|Gillham|2001a|p=}}